尼格利陀人
尼格利陀人(Negrito)一词是指居住在东南亚和安达曼群岛偏远地区的几个不同种族群体,他们一般肤色偏黑,住在丛林中,从事狩猎采集的生活型态[1]。
根据观察到的身体相似性,尼格利陀曾被认为是由密切相关的人组成的单一群体。 然而,遗传研究表明,它们位于东亚相关群体和巴布亚相关群体之间的一条直线上,表明它们由几个独立的群体组成,并显示出遗传异质性。 他们在很大程度上被南岛人取代或吸收,或在地理上孤立的地区形成少数民族[2][3][4][5][6][7]。
历史上,他们与当地居民进行贸易,但也经常成为奴隶制的受害者,同时也向公元 724 年以来的东南亚当地统治者和王国朝贡。
词源
Negrito源自于西班牙语或葡萄牙语,为黑人的小称词,即“小黑人”。因为欧洲航海者第一次看到矮黑人时认为他们的祖先是从非洲来的。然而,这个看法已被人类学者所抛弃,因为除了深色皮肤和鬈发外,尼格利陀人与非洲人其实没有太多相似之处[8]。
特征
成年男性平均身高约153.6公分,女性约142.7公分(马来西亚的塞芒人[9]),是世界上最矮的民族之一。皮肤为暗褐色至黑色。虹膜为暗褐色。毛发短而卷;头发为暗褐的黑色。深色皮肤、卷曲的头发和“亚洲人”(蒙古人种)面部和颅骨特征是多样化的内格里托部落的特征[10]。
起源
一些研究表明,每个群体都应单独考虑,因为遗传证据驳斥了安达曼群岛、马来半岛和菲律宾的“内格里托”群体之间特定共享血统的概念[12]。事实上,这种观点在2013年一项工作中得到了回应,该工作得出的结论是,归类为尼格利陀人的部落彼此之间没有最近的共同祖先。[13]。最近的几项研究,如Larena等人和卡尔霍夫等人。2021年,发现被归类为尼格利陀人的各种群体存在于东亚人和巴布亚人之间。
安达曼人被发现主要是“基本东亚血统”,与当代东亚人最接近,包括古代东亚样本,如中国北方的天元人,同时与澳大利亚人明显不同。据估计,与东亚有关的人群和澳大拉西亚人(如巴布亚人)在公元前 58,000 年彼此分裂[14][5][15][16]。
文化
在森林中进行单纯的采集和狩猎。菲律宾的矮黑人能使用火,安达曼群岛的则不能。马来西亚的塞芒人(Semang)有使用树皮制衣的记录,生活在山洞或以树叶盖住的居所。
现况
安达曼群岛
- 安达曼群岛原住民
目前有4族:大安达曼人(Strait Island)、加洛瓦人、翁奇人和桑提内尔人。
安达曼群岛上的矮黑人与世隔绝,拒绝与外界接触。其中桑提内尔人的身高较其他地方的矮黑人高,平均身高约160-165公分高,不符合矮人的定义(矮于150公分)。目前估计只有少于1000人仍然生存。加洛瓦族人口250-400人。
马来西亚
塞芒(Semang)在马来语是负债的奴隶。马来亚的矮黑人,分布于马来半岛的中央山地,被认为是马来半岛最早的住民,根据其墓葬可追溯到1万年前。总人口估计约2000人。
菲律宾
菲律宾的矮黑人仅占总人口的0.003%。
分布于菲律宾的班乃岛。
泰国
- 马尼人
分布于泰国南部接近马来西亚的边界。当地在1975年到1977年是泰国政府军和马来亚共产党游击队的战场,当地的原住民也遭到相当程度的波及。总人口估计约300人,其语言Tonga可能已经失传。
参见
参考文献
- ^ "DNA Study Yields Clues on Early Human's First Migration" New York Times, May 13, 2005 p. A7
- ^ S. Noerwidi, "Using Dental Metrical Analysis to Determine the Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene Population History of Java", in: Philip J. Piper, Hirofumi Matsumura, David Bulbeck (eds.), New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory (2017), p. 92.
- ^ Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Endicott, Phillip. The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia. Human Biology. 2013-11-27, 85 (1) [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0018-7143. (原始内容存档于2019-07-28).
- ^ Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roy, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2016-02-09, 113 (6): 1594–1599 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4760789 . PMID 26811443. doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113. (原始内容存档于2022-06-06).
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- ^ Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran. Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea. Nature. 2021-08, 596 (7873): 543–547 [2021-12-22]. ISSN 1476-4687. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6. (原始内容存档于2021-08-26) (英语).
- ^ Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Africa, Vallini et al. 2021 (October 15, 2021) Quote: "Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 kya (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by 1) it is reasonable to describe Oceanians as an almost even mixture between East Asians and a basal lineage, closer to Africans, which occurred sometimes between 45 and 37kya."
- ^ Liu, James J.Y. The Chinese Knight Errant. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967 (ISBN 0-226-48688-5)
- ^ Fix, Alan G. Malayan Paleosociology: Implications for Patterns of Genetic Variation among the Orang Asli. American Anthropologist. 1995-06, 97 (2): 313–323. doi:10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00090 (英语).
- ^ David Bulbeck; Pathmanathan Raghavan; Daniel Rayner (2006), "Races of Homo sapiens: if not in the southwest Pacific, then nowhere", World Archaeology, 38 (1): 109–132, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.534.3176, doi:10.1080/00438240600564987, ISSN 0043-8243, JSTOR 40023598, S2CID 84991420
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- 公有领域出版物的文本: Chisholm, Hugh (编). Encyclopædia Britannica (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press. 1911. 本条目包含来自