跳转到内容

尼姆尔·尼姆尔

本页使用了标题或全文手工转换
维基百科,自由的百科全书
尼姆尔·巴克尔·尼姆尔
  • نمر باقر النمر
  • نمر باقر آل نمر
头衔谢赫
个人资料
出生1959年6月21日
逝世2016年1月2日(2016岁—01—02)(56岁)
宗教信仰伊斯兰教[1]
国籍沙地阿拉伯
学校什叶派十二伊玛目派
教派穆罕默德·侯赛尼·设拉子
穆罕默德·塔基英语Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi[1]
母校伊朗库姆神学院叙利亚[1]
高级职位
网站www.sknemer.com

尼姆尔·巴克尔·尼姆尔(阿拉伯语:نمر باقر النمر[1];1959年6月21日—2016年1月2日),通常被称为谢赫尼姆尔,曾是一名于沙地阿拉伯东部省阿瓦米亚市英语Al-Awamiyah伊斯兰教什叶派谢赫[2]。他批评沙地阿拉伯政府英语Politics of Saudi Arabia[1],受年轻人支持[1][3],向政府要求在沙地阿拉伯举行自由选举英语elections in Saudi Arabia[4]。他声称在2006年被捕期间被沙特秘密警察英语Mabahith殴打[1]。2009年,他批评沙特政府,并建议如果不改善被歧视的沙特什叶派教徒英语Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia的待遇[5][2],东部省便应该独立[6]。此导致政府对他发出通辑令,最后他和另外35人被拘捕[5][7]。在2011-2012年沙地阿拉伯抗议英语2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests期间,尼姆尔呼吁示威者以“语言的轰鸣”而不用暴力抵抗警察[8][9],以及预测如果政府的打压持续,沙特的机关将会被推翻[10]。因此,他被《卫报》视为“在起义中持领导角色”[3]

2012年7月8日尼姆尔在被警察形容为“交火”后腿部中枪被捕[11][12]。数千人因此有数次的示威[12][13],而其中两人Akbar al-Shakhouri和Mohamed al-Felfel被警察的枪火击毙[14]。尼姆尔开始绝食,身上有被施以酷刑后的痕迹[14][15][16]。Asharq人权中心在8月21日对尼姆尔在绝食期间的健康表示关注,呼吁国际的支持及要求允许家人、律师及人权活动人士见尼姆尔[17]

2014年10月15日,尼姆尔被特别刑事法庭英语Specialized Criminal Court因“寻求‘外国干涉’沙地阿拉伯、‘不服从’领导人及武装对付安全部队”被处死[18],而他的兄弟穆罕默德·尼姆尔由于在当天于Twitter发布关于该死刑的资讯被捕[18][19]。尼姆尔·巴克尔·尼姆尔在2016年1月2日前不久和另外46人一同被处决[20]。他的处决在中东被什叶派信徒以及什叶派国家伊朗谴责,此外亦被反对宗派主义的逊尼派信徒和西方人物谴责。沙地阿拉伯政府并无把他的遗体归还予家属,指机关已把所有尸体埋葬。

处死

2016年1月2日,沙地阿拉伯内政部宣布当天被处决的47人中有尼姆尔[20][21]

街头示威

在行刑后已有数次示威。在沙地阿拉伯东部省中的盖提夫地区,人们由尼姆尔家乡al-Awamiyah英语al-Awamiyah游行至盖提夫,高叫“打倒沙特(王朝)”口号[22]。1月2日在处决同一天,示威者在伊朗首都德黑兰的沙地阿拉伯大使馆聚集,其中一人对使馆投掷自制燃烧弹后着火,示威在当地清晨3时后仍然继续[23]。伊朗警察以袭击大使馆为由拘捕当中40名示威者[24][25][26]

数百人在巴林首都麦纳麦举行示威[27]。带着谢赫尼姆尔的画像的示威者于巴林村落Abu-Saiba英语Abu-Saiba与警察发生冲突[28]。另外数百人于巴林al-Daih英语al-DaihSitra英语Sitra游行,高叫反对沙地阿拉伯统治沙特王朝家族和巴林统治逊尼派家族的标语,并叫尼姆尔“我们的烈士”[29]

数百名群众闯入仍未工式开启的沙地阿拉伯驻伊拉克大使馆[30],媒体亦公开了一段沙地阿拉伯巴格达伊馆被火箭炮攻击的片段[31]

群众在印度查谟-克什米尔邦首府斯利那加高举反沙特横额示威。示威者游行往联合国办公室,被警察截停。类似的示威于卡基尔县亦有举行,宗教团体呼吁举行为期3日的哀悼[32]

2016年1月5日,印度拉达克有来自列城卡尔吉尔佛教基督教伊斯兰教(逊尼及什叶派)团体举行了烛光集会,表示对人权活动的支持及反对处决尼姆尔[33]

其它一些地方也发生了和平示威,如伊朗圣地库姆马什哈德黎巴嫩巴基斯坦土耳其

宗教及政治人物之反应

有关各方
  •  沙地阿拉伯
    • 谢赫尼姆尔的兄弟穆罕默德·尼姆尔指出,处决执行后,在沙特境内的民主运动只会更大[34]。他形容他兄弟为“谦卑、宗教且生活简朴的人,这使他对很多年轻人而言有吸引力”,还说处决尼姆尔“会引发(什叶派)青年的愤怒”,但指他希望所有反应行动都和平进行[35]
    • 沙地阿拉伯认为伊朗在处决执行后发表了“敌对”言论,于是传召伊朗驻利雅得大使[36]
    • 沙地阿拉伯以驻伊朗大使馆被抗议处决的示威者闯入并纵火为由,与伊朗断交[37]
跨国家机构
其他国家
非政府组织
  • 人权观察指处决是“继续玷污沙地阿拉伯不良的人权纪录”。该组织中东主任莎拉·莉娅·惠特森英语Sarah Leah Whitson指尼姆尔是在不公平审讯中被定罪,且处决他“只会增加现时的教派不和及动荡”[35],还称“沙地阿拉伯东部省走向稳定的道路在于结束对什叶派公民的歧视,而并非处决”[36]
  • 国际特赦组织指对谢赫尼姆尔的审讯是政治审讯,十分不公平,而且处决只是用于完成政治目的[73][74]

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Gfoeller, Michael. Meeting with controversial Shi'a sheikh Nimr. WikiLeaks. 2008-08-23 [2012-01-23].
    WikiLeaks cable:08RIYADH1283
    . (原始内容存档于2012-01-23).
     
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Laessing, Ulf; Reed Stevenson; Michael Roddy. Watching Bahrain, Saudi Shi'ites demand reforms. Thomson Reuters. 2011-02-22 [2012-02-21]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-21). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Matthiesen, Toby. Saudi Arabia: the Middle East's most under-reported conflict. London: The Guardian. 2012-01-23 [2012-01-23]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-23). 
  4. ^ Saudi execution of Shia cleric sparks outrage in Middle East. The Guardian. 2 January 2016 [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Abu-Nasr, Donna. Saudi government cracks down on Shiite dissidents. The San Diego Union-Tribune/AP. 2009-04-01 [2012-02-21]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-21). 
  6. ^ Hemeid, Salah. Bomb-for-peace. Al-Ahram Weekly. 2009-05-07 [2012-02-22]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-22). 
  7. ^ Shi'a men and teenagers held incommunicado by Saudi Arabian authorities. Amnesty International. 2009-03-23 [2012-02-21]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-21). 
  8. ^ Sheikh Nemr Refuses Use of Violence against Security Forces. Rasid News Network. 2011-10-06 [2012-02-17]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-23). 
  9. ^ Abul-Samh, Rashid. Saudi Shias riot yet again for better conditions. Al-Ahram Weekly. 2011-10-13 [2012-02-22]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-22). 
  10. ^ AGB/HGH. Saudi cleric warns Al Saud regime. Press TV. 21 January 2012 [24 January 2012]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-24). 
  11. ^ Al-Awamiyah instigator arrested. Saudi Gazette/Saudi Press Agency. 2012-07-09 [2012-02-22]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-22). 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Al Sharif, Asma; Angus McDowall; Sami Aboudi; Christopher Wilson. Saudi police arrest prominent Shi'ite Muslim cleric. Thomson Reuters. 2012-07-08 [2012-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-10). 
  13. ^ {title السلطات تمنع تشييع عقيلة آية الله النمر والآلاف يخرجون في مسيرة غاضبة. Awamia.net. 2012-08-01 [2012-08-01]. (原始内容存档于2012-08-01) (阿拉伯语). }
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Saudi protest crackdown leaves two dead. Al Jazeera English. 2012-07-09 [2012-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-10). 
  15. ^ 'Sheikh Nimr Tortured by Saudi Authorities'. Al-Manar. 2012-07-17 [2012-07-18]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-18). 
  16. ^ Saudi Arabia's jailed Sheikh Nemr goes on hunger strike. Press TV. 2012-07-19 [2012-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-19). 
  17. ^ Asharq Center expresses concern for the safety of the health and humanitarian situation of Sheikh Nimr Baqr al-Nimr. Asharq Center for Human Rights. 2012-08-21 [2012-08-23]. (原始内容存档于2012-08-22) (阿拉伯语). 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Saudi Shia cleric Nimr al-Nimr 'sentenced to death'. BBC News. 2014-10-15 [2014-10-15]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-15). 
  19. ^ {title Saudi Arabia: Appalling death sentence against Shi’a cleric must be quashed. Amnesty International. 2014-10-15 [2014-10-15]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-15). }
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Saudi announces execution of 47 'terrorists'. Al Jazeera. [2 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26). 
  21. ^ Associated Press. Saudi Arabia says Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, leading Shiite Muslim cleric, among 47 executed. Washington Post. 2 January 2016 [2 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26). 
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 People in Saudi Arabia’s Qatif slam Nimr execution. PressTV. [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-03). 
  23. ^ Yousuf Basil, Salma Abdelaziz and Michael Pearson, CNN. Tehran protest after Saudi Arabia executes Shiite cleric - CNN.com. CNN. 2 January 2016 [3 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-11). 
  24. ^ Loveluck, Louisa. Iran supreme leader says Saudi faces 'divine revenge'. Telegraph.co.uk. [4 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-27). 
  25. ^ Basil, Yousuf; Abdelaziz, Salma; Pearson, Michael. Tehran protest after Saudi Arabia executes Shiite cleric - CNN.com. CNN. [4 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-11). 
  26. ^ Staff writers. Farsnews. en.farsnews.com. [4 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-09). 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Muslim nations denounce Saudi execution of Shia cleric. PressTV. 2 January 2016 [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-05). 
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 Harriet Sinclair. Nimr al-Nimr execution: Former Iraq PM al-Maliki says death will 'topple Saudi regime'. The Independent. 2 January 2016 [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-04). 
  29. ^ 存档副本 The Latest: Insider says Saudis decided ‘enough was enough’. WTVQ-DT (AP). 3 January 2016 [4 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-04). 
  30. ^ Protesters break into Saudi embassy in Baghdad. Trend. 4 January 2016 [2016-02-12]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-10). 
  31. ^ PressTV. [2016-02-12]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-13). 
  32. ^ Ayatollah Nimr's Execution Aftermath. Greater Kashmir. 4 January 2015 [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-02). 
  33. ^ Raqib Hameed Naik. Leh residents unite to protest against Shia cleric's execution, organise candle light march. TwoCircles.net. January 5, 2016 [January 12, 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-29). 
  34. ^ Sheikh Nimr's brother says his brother's execution will spark anger of Saudi Shia youth. irna.ir. [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-04). 
  35. ^ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 Video: Protesters storm Saudi embassy in Tehran following execution of top Shia cleric. Telegraph. 2 January 2016 [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-27). 
  36. ^ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 MidEast leaders lash out at Saudi Arabia over Shiite cleric's execution, protests erupt. RT International. [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-02). 
  37. ^ Saudi Arabia breaks off ties with Iran after al-Nimr execution. BBC. [3 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-03). 
  38. ^ New York, 2 January 2016 – Statement attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary-General on executions in Saudi Arabia. UNO. January 2, 2016 [January 3, 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-06). 
  39. ^ Tracy McVeigh and Martin Chulov. US warns Saudi Arabia's execution of prominent cleric risks inflaming sectarian tensions. The Guardian. January 3, 2016 [January 3, 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-04). 
  40. ^ PressTV. [2016-01-05]. (原始内容存档于2016-06-07). 
  41. ^ Statement of the HR/VP Federica Mogherini on the executions in Saudi Arabia. European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service). [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-07). 
  42. ^ Julie Bishop calls for Saudi Arabia-Iran calm after execution. The Australian. 5 January 2016 [6 January 2016]. 
  43. ^ Stephane Dion Condemns Saudis Over Mass Execution. Huffington Post (CP). 3 January 2016 [3 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2017-06-11). 
  44. ^ Saudi Arabia-Iran row: Bahrain cuts diplomatic ties with Tehran. BBC. [4 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-04). 
  45. ^ 外交部就伊朗和沙特关系、南海问题等答问. 中华人民共和国外交部. [4 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-25). 
  46. ^ 46.0 46.1 China ‘concerned’ over Mideast tension after Saudi cuts Iran ties. PressTV. [2016-01-06]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-26). 
  47. ^ Egyptian Foreign Ministry. [24 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-04). 
  48. ^ Egyptian Foreign Ministry. [2016-02-12]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-04). 
  49. ^ Al Ahram Gate. [24 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-25). 
  50. ^ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 50.6 Cassandra Vinograd. Iran Slams Saudi Arabia's Execution of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr as Backlash Mounts. NBC News. [3 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-27). 
  51. ^ 51.0 51.1 France, Germany slam Saudi's execution of Shia cleric. Yahoo News (AFP). 4 January 2016 [4 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05). 
  52. ^ Nicola Slawson. Execution of Shia cleric sparks international outrage – as it happened. The Guardian. [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-04). 
  53. ^ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Ben Brumfield, Yousuf Basil and Michael Pearson, CNN. Mideast protests rage after Saudi Arabia executes Shia cleric al-Nimr, 46 others. CNN. 3 January 2016 [3 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-06). 
  54. ^ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Angus McDowall. Shi'ite cleric among 47 executed in Saudi Arabia, stirring anger in region. Reuters. 3 January 2016 [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-03). 
  55. ^ Worle, Will. Shi'ite cleric among 47 executed in Saudi Arabia, stirring anger in region. The independent. Reuters. 2 January 2016 [3 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-25). 
  56. ^ Iran and Saudi Arabia wage war of words. [3 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-03). 
  57. ^ 57.0 57.1 PressTV. [3 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-06). 
  58. ^ Iran summons Saudi envoy over Nimr execution. irib.ir. [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-05). 
  59. ^ 59.0 59.1 Harriet Sinclair. Nimr al-Nimr execution: Iranian cleric says death penalty will bring down Saudi Arabia's ruling family. The Independent. 2 January 2016 [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-05). 
  60. ^ Zarif: Sheikh Nimr execution another step in line with divisive policies. [3 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-05). 
  61. ^ Nimr's execution sparks angry reactions among Shia, Sunni senior clerics. The Iran Project. [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-25). 
  62. ^ Nimr execution aims to trigger sectarian strife: Iran cleric. PressTV. 2 January 2016 [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-05). 
  63. ^ 63.0 63.1 IRGC: Sheikh Nimr's Execution Displays ISIL-Like Behavior Saudi Regime's Behavior. Farsnews. 2 January 2016 [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-07). 
  64. ^ 64.0 64.1 64.2 PressTV. [3 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-07). 
  65. ^ Will Worley. Nimr al-Nimr execution: Saudi Arabian embassy in Tehran 'attacked by protesters'. The Independent. 3 January 2016 [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-09). 
  66. ^ Iraq MPs: Saudi Arabia execution of al-Nimr intended to fuel Sunni-Shiite strife. abna24.com. 2 January 2016 [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-05). 
  67. ^ Lebanon's Hezbollah slams Nimr execution as 'assassination'. irib.ir. [2016-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-05). 
  68. ^ Nasrallah: Saudi Arabia Execution of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr Won’t Be Taken Lightly. [3 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-04). 
  69. ^ Phl calls for calm in Gulf amid Saudi-Iran rift. Yahoo News Singapore. 8 January 2016 [2016-02-12]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-02). 
  70. ^ Sputnik. Russia Ready to Mediate Conflict Between Saudi Arabia, Iran. 4 January 2016 [2016-01-06]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-27). 
  71. ^ Bahrain, Sudan join Saudi Arabia in cutting ties with Iran as row over Shiite Sheikh execution continues. ABC. [7 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-07). 
  72. ^ Farron calls on prime minister to do more about death penalty abroad. The Guardian. 2 January 2016 [3 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-04). 
  73. ^ Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr: Anger at execution of top Shia cleric. BBC World News. January 3, 2016 [January 3, 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26). 
  74. ^ Saudi execution of Shiite sheikh 'political': Amnesty. The Daily Star Lebanon. January 2, 2016 [January 3, 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26). 

外部链接