伊便尼派
伊便尼派(英语:Ebionism,古希腊语:Ἐβιωναῖοι,Ebionaioi,希伯来文:אביונים,Ebyonim,意为贫穷、穷人),是早期的基督教派,被主流基督教会认为是异端。
伊便尼派的资料散佚,多见诸早期教父对其的神学论战。[1][2][3]
概论
“伊便尼”(Ebionaioi)是贫穷的意思,故又称作“贫穷派”。他们是犹太基督教的一支,可能承继了最早耶路撒冷教会的观点。
按照教父特土良的解释,他们被称为伊便尼派的原因是:因为他们对基督的认识实在是太贫乏了。
历史
随着耶路撒冷毁于罗马,耶路撒冷教会衰微,保罗一系的基督教会壮大,伊便尼派逐渐边缘化,直至7世纪。然而,穆斯林史家,如十世纪的Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar仍有相关纪录。伊便尼派的基督论可能影响早期穆斯林。[4][5]
教义
律法
伊便尼派恪守摩西律法,但仅成文律法,不包含口传律法。视耶路撒冷为圣地[6]。并仅视改守犹太传统的外邦人为教徒。[7]
反对祭牲,茹素。
圣经
伊便尼派只承认一本以希伯来文写作的圣经,被称为《希伯来福音书》或《伊便尼福音》。 此外,遵奉公义者雅各,更胜彼得,否认保罗的使徒地位。[8][9][10]
施洗约翰
据圣厄丕法尼引述的《伊便尼福音》,施洗约翰和耶稣被刻画成素食者。[11][12] 70年耶路撒冷被毁后,伊便尼派放弃祭牲,茹素规定趋严,或许是回应洁食规定难以在异教环境下恪守。[13] James Tabor则认为伊便尼派或许是力复大洪水前的饮食传统。[14]
基督论
伊便尼派所相信的耶稣,并不是神,而是上帝特别拣选的仆人,是约瑟与马利亚之子,一个凡人。因耶稣的顺服、圣洁,上帝选耶稣为义子,作为拯救人类的先知。[15]虽然接纳耶稣为救主,但却不相信祂是道成肉身的神。
因此,耶稣名义上是上帝收养的儿子,实际上耶稣只是一个脱俗的凡人,一个先知,而不是神。这个学说被称为养嗣主义,又称嗣子说。被正统基督教会指责为异端[16]。不过养嗣主义影响了伊斯兰教对耶稣的看法。
参考文献
- ^ Kohler, Kaufmann. EBIONITES (from = 'the poor'). Singer, Isidore; Alder, Cyrus (编). Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901–1906 [26 July 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-30).
- ^ Hyam Maccoby. The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity. HarperCollins. 1987: 172–183. ISBN 0-06-250585-8, an abridgement (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- ^ Petri Luomanen. Matt Jackson-McCabe , 编. Jewish Christianity Reconsidered. Fortress Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8006-3865-8.
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
RGG
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Hans-Joachim Schoeps. Jewish Christianity: Factional Disputes in the Early Church. Translation Douglas R. A. Hare. Fortress Press. 1969.
- ^ Irenaeus of Lyon. Adversus Haereses. . I, 26; III,21.
- ^ Justin Martyr. Dialogue with Trypho. . 47 [2023-04-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-08).
- ^ Kohler, Kaufmann. EBIONITES (from = 'the poor'). Singer, Isidore; Alder, Cyrus (编). Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901–1906 [26 July 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-30).
- ^ Hyam Maccoby. The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity. HarperCollins. 1987: 172–183. ISBN 0-06-250585-8, an abridgement (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- ^ Petri Luomanen. Matt Jackson-McCabe , 编. Jewish Christianity Reconsidered. Fortress Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8006-3865-8.
- ^ J Verheyden. Epiphanius on the Ebionites. Peter J. Tomson; Doris Lambers-Petry (编). The image of the Judaeo-Christians in ancient Jewish and Christian literature. 2003: 188. ISBN 3-16-148094-5.
The vegetarianism of John the Baptist and of Jesus is an important issue too in the Ebionite interpretation of the Christian life.
- ^ Bart D. Ehrman. Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford University Press. 2003: 102, 103. ISBN 0-19-514183-0.
Probably the most interesting of the changes from the familiar New Testament accounts of Jesus comes in the Gospel of the Ebionites description of John the Baptist, who, evidently, like his successor Jesus, maintained a strictly vegetarian cuisine.
- ^ Hans-Josef Klauck. The Apocryphal Gospels: An Introduction. A&C Black. 2003: 52–. ISBN 978-0-567-08390-6.
- ^ James D. Tabor. The Jesus Dynasty: The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity. Simon & Schuster. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7432-8723-4.
- ^ Bart D. Ehrman. Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew. Oxford University Press. 2005: 102–. ISBN 978-0-19-518249-1.
- ^ 余达心,《基督教发展史新释》,(台北:基督教改革宗翻译社,1994),29~30。