L.H.O.O.Q.

《L.H.O.O.Q.》（法語發音：[el aʃ o o ky]），或譯帶鬍鬚的蒙娜麗莎，是法國藝術家杜象一系列依據《蒙娜麗莎》改造而成的作品，最早的一幅完成於1919年，屬於「現成品」（Readymades）藝術。最初杜象只是給達芬奇的這幅畫作上的人物用鉛筆加了兩撇小鬍子，然後重新命名為L.H.O.O.Q.而已。^[1] 實際上法國畫家歐仁·巴代伊（法語：Eugène Bataille）在1883年就創作過類似的作品，那次是給蒙娜麗莎加上了一個煙斗。通常評論家都把這幅畫看作是對傳統藝術的嘲諷^[2]。

意義

「L.H.O.O.Q.」是一個雙關語，在法語中發音類似「Elle a chaud au cul」，意即「她有一個性感的屁股」^[3]或「她的屁股很熱辣」，以隱喻性慾旺盛、坐立難安的女性。

杜象用不同的材料製作了多個版本的《L.H.O.O.Q.》，它們的大小也不盡相同。其中有一幅只是把達芬奇的原作改成黑白二色，此外沒有任何修改，並且命名為《L.H.O.O.Q. Shaved》（刮掉鬍子的L.H.O.O.Q.）。此外，一定程度上男性化的蒙娜麗莎還寓意著性轉換，實際上杜象就曾給自己取過女名「Rrose Sélavy」，此名發音為「Eros, c'est la vie」（性愛就是生活）。^[4]

參考文獻

^ More recent scholarship suggests that Duchamp laboriously altered the postcard before adding the moustache, including merging his own portrait with that of Mona Lisa. See Marce de Martibo, "Mona Lisa: （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Who Is Hidden Behind the Woman With the Moustache?"
^ See, for example, Andreas Huyssen, After the Great Divide: "It is not the artistic achievement of Leonardo that is mocked by moustache, goatee, and obscene allusion, but rather the cult object that the Mona Lisa had become in that temple of bourgeois art religion, the Louvre." (Quoted in Steven Baker, The Fiction of Postmodernity, p.49
^ Kristina, Seekamp. L.H.O.O.Q. or Mona Lisa. Unmaking the Museum: Marcel Duchamp's Readymades in Context. Binghamton University Department of Art History. 2004 [2016-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2006-09-12）.
^ Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q. or La Joconde, 1964 (replica of 1919 original) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）諾頓·西蒙博物館, Pasadena.

外部連結

L.H.O.O.Q. – Internet-Related Derivative Works（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[1] More recent scholarship suggests that Duchamp laboriously altered the postcard before adding the moustache, including merging his own portrait with that of Mona Lisa. See Marce de Martibo, "Mona Lisa: （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Who Is Hidden Behind the Woman With the Moustache?"

[2] See, for example, Andreas Huyssen, After the Great Divide: "It is not the artistic achievement of Leonardo that is mocked by moustache, goatee, and obscene allusion, but rather the cult object that the Mona Lisa had become in that temple of bourgeois art religion, the Louvre." (Quoted in Steven Baker, The Fiction of Postmodernity, p.49

[Seekamp-3] Kristina, Seekamp. L.H.O.O.Q. or Mona Lisa. Unmaking the Museum: Marcel Duchamp's Readymades in Context. Binghamton University Department of Art History. 2004 [2016-02-01]. （原始內容存檔於2006-09-12）.

[4] Marcel Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q. or La Joconde, 1964 (replica of 1919 original) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）諾頓·西蒙博物館, Pasadena.

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