運動心像

運動心像是個體排練或模擬給定動作的心理歷程。它作為動作的心理練習被廣泛用於運動訓練、神經康復（英語：Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)）。運動心像也作為認知神經科學和認知心理學的研究派典，用以研究個體在執行動作前，其內隱過程（即無意識）之內容及結構。^[1] ^[2]在一些醫學，音樂和運動場合，當與身體排練搭配時，心理排練能夠與動作的純粹身體排練（練習）產生一樣的效果。 ^[3]

定義

運動心像可以被定義為「個體在心理上模擬給定動作時的動態狀態」。這種現象體驗意味着受試者感覺自己正在進行動作。^[4]它對應於運動心理學家所謂的內部心像（或第一人稱視角）。^[5]

動作的心理訓練

心理訓練指的是運用視覺-運動心像來改善運動行為。視覺-運動心像需要在沒有伴隨身體運動的情況下，使用想像力來模擬動作。心理訓練會嶄露頭角是由於心像對加強運動及外科手術有着相關性。^[6]

體育

心理訓練與身體訓練相結合，對初學者學習一項運動來說，可能是有益的，但對於希望提高其技能的專業人士則更有幫助。^[7]身體訓練會產生需要改進的身體反饋，而心理訓練則會形成認知過程，這是身體訓練無法輕易複製的。^[8]

醫學

外科醫生和其他執業醫師在進行身體練習的同時，心裏也在排練手術過程。這產生的效果與進行身體排練一樣，但是成本要低得多。但是，不同於在運動中的使用是為了提高技能，心理訓練在醫學中被用作一種減輕手術前壓力的形式。^[8]

音樂

心理訓練也是音樂中使用的一種技術。當專業音樂家離開樂器或受傷而無法進行身體訓練時，他們可能會進行心理訓練。研究表明，身體訓練和心理訓練相結合可以提高對一件事情的掌握程度，這和只進行身體訓練是一樣的。^[9]^[10]這是因為心理訓練會促進神經元的生長，而神經元的生長與身體訓練的生長是一致的。先例：弗拉基米爾·霍洛維茨（Vladimir Horowitz）和阿圖爾·魯賓斯坦（Arthur Rubinstein）等人透過心理訓練來輔助他們的身體訓練。^[11]

運動障礙

心理訓練已被用來修復各種神經障礙的運動缺陷。^[12]動作的心理練習似乎可以改善多發性硬化症患者和老年婦女的平衡。^[13]例如，在亞急性腦卒中患者中，心理訓練已成功地與身體訓練相結合來修復運動缺陷。^[14]一些研究還表明，在慢性中風中，上肢和下肢的力量、功能和使用都有改善。

參見

參考

^ Decety, J. & Ingvar, D. H. Brain structures participating in mental simulation of motor behavior: A neuropsychological interpretation. Acta Psychologica. 1990, 73 (1): 13–34. PMID 2180254. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(90)90056-L.
^ Decety, J. & Stevens, J. K.D. Markman , 編. The Handbook of Imagination and Mental Simulation. New York: Psychology Press. 2009. ISBN 9781841698878.
^ Kappes, Heather Barry; Morewedge, Carey K. Mental Simulation as Substitute for Experience. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2016-07-01, 10 (7): 405–420. ISSN 1751-9004. doi:10.1111/spc3.12257 （英語）.
^ Decety, J. Do imagined and executed actions share the same neural substrate?. Cognitive Brain Research. 1996, 3 (2): 87–93. PMID 8713549. doi:10.1016/0926-6410(95)00033-X.
^ Mahoney, M..J. & Avener, M. Psychology of the elite athlete. Cognitive Therapy Research. 1987, 1 (2): 135–141. doi:10.1007/BF01173634.
^ Kappes, Heather Barry; Morewedge, Carey K. Mental Simulation as Substitute for Experience. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2016-07-01, 10 (7): 405–420. ISSN 1751-9004. doi:10.1111/spc3.12257 （英語）.
^ Frank, Cornelia; Land, William M.; Popp, Carmen; Schack, Thomas. Mental Representation and Mental Practice: Experimental Investigation on the Functional Links between Motor Memory and Motor Imagery. PLOS ONE. 2014-04-17, 9 (4): e95175. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3990621 . PMID 24743576. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095175.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Cocks, Margaret; et al. What surgeons can learn from athletes: mental practice in sports and surgery. Journal of Surgical Education. 2014, 71 (2): 262–9. PMID 24602719. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2013.07.002.
^ Bernardi, Nicolò Francesco; Schories, Alexander; Jabusch, Hans-Christian; Colombo, Barbara; Altenmüller, Eckart. Mental Practice in Music Memorization: An Ecological-Empirical Study (PDF). Music Perception. 2013, 30 (3): 275–287 [2019-10-13]. doi:10.1525/mp.2012.30.3.275. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-01-21）.
^ Pascual-Leone, Alvaro; Dang, Nguyet; Cohen, Leonardo G.; Brasil-Neto, Joaquim P.; Cammarota, Angel; Hallett, Mark. Modulation of Muscle Response Evoked by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation During the Acquisition of New Fine Motor Skills (PDF). Journal of Neurophysiology. September 1995, 74 (3): 1037–1043 [2019-10-13]. PMID 7500130. doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1037. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-01-21）.
^ Pascual-Leone, Alvaro. The Brain That Plays Music and Is Changed by It. The Biological Foundations of Music. June 2001, 930: 315–329. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05741.x.
^ Jackson, P.L.; Lafleur, M.; Malouin, F.; Richards, C. & Doyon, J. Potential role of mental practice using motor imagery in neurologic rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001, 82 (8): 1133–41. PMID 11494195. doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.24286.
^ Fansler, C. L.; Poff, C. L. & Shepard, K. F. Effects of mental practice on balance in elderly women. Physical Therapy. 1985, 65 (9): 1332–8. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1024.7951 . PMID 4034667. doi:10.1093/ptj/65.9.1332.
^ Page, S. J.; Levine, P.; Sisto, S. A. & Johnston, M. V. Mental practice combined with physical practice for upper-limb motor deficit in subacute stroke. Physical Therapy. 2001, 81 (8): 1455–62. PMID 11509075. doi:10.1093/ptj/81.8.1455 .

[1] Decety, J. & Ingvar, D. H. Brain structures participating in mental simulation of motor behavior: A neuropsychological interpretation. Acta Psychologica. 1990, 73 (1): 13–34. PMID 2180254. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(90)90056-L.

[2] Decety, J. & Stevens, J. K.D. Markman , 編. The Handbook of Imagination and Mental Simulation. New York: Psychology Press. 2009. ISBN 9781841698878.

[:0-3] Kappes, Heather Barry; Morewedge, Carey K. Mental Simulation as Substitute for Experience. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2016-07-01, 10 (7): 405–420. ISSN 1751-9004. doi:10.1111/spc3.12257 （英語）.

[4] Decety, J. Do imagined and executed actions share the same neural substrate?. Cognitive Brain Research. 1996, 3 (2): 87–93. PMID 8713549. doi:10.1016/0926-6410(95)00033-X.

[5] Mahoney, M..J. & Avener, M. Psychology of the elite athlete. Cognitive Therapy Research. 1987, 1 (2): 135–141. doi:10.1007/BF01173634.

[:02-6] Kappes, Heather Barry; Morewedge, Carey K. Mental Simulation as Substitute for Experience. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 2016-07-01, 10 (7): 405–420. ISSN 1751-9004. doi:10.1111/spc3.12257 （英語）.

[7] Frank, Cornelia; Land, William M.; Popp, Carmen; Schack, Thomas. Mental Representation and Mental Practice: Experimental Investigation on the Functional Links between Motor Memory and Motor Imagery. PLOS ONE. 2014-04-17, 9 (4): e95175. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3990621 . PMID 24743576. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095175.

[:1-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Cocks, Margaret; et al. What surgeons can learn from athletes: mental practice in sports and surgery. Journal of Surgical Education. 2014, 71 (2): 262–9. PMID 24602719. doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2013.07.002.

[9] Bernardi, Nicolò Francesco; Schories, Alexander; Jabusch, Hans-Christian; Colombo, Barbara; Altenmüller, Eckart. Mental Practice in Music Memorization: An Ecological-Empirical Study (PDF). Music Perception. 2013, 30 (3): 275–287 [2019-10-13]. doi:10.1525/mp.2012.30.3.275. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-01-21）.

[10] Pascual-Leone, Alvaro; Dang, Nguyet; Cohen, Leonardo G.; Brasil-Neto, Joaquim P.; Cammarota, Angel; Hallett, Mark. Modulation of Muscle Response Evoked by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation During the Acquisition of New Fine Motor Skills (PDF). Journal of Neurophysiology. September 1995, 74 (3): 1037–1043 [2019-10-13]. PMID 7500130. doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1037. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-01-21）.

[11] Pascual-Leone, Alvaro. The Brain That Plays Music and Is Changed by It. The Biological Foundations of Music. June 2001, 930: 315–329. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05741.x.

[Jackson-12] Jackson, P.L.; Lafleur, M.; Malouin, F.; Richards, C. & Doyon, J. Potential role of mental practice using motor imagery in neurologic rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001, 82 (8): 1133–41. PMID 11494195. doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.24286.

[13] Fansler, C. L.; Poff, C. L. & Shepard, K. F. Effects of mental practice on balance in elderly women. Physical Therapy. 1985, 65 (9): 1332–8. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1024.7951 . PMID 4034667. doi:10.1093/ptj/65.9.1332.

[14] Page, S. J.; Levine, P.; Sisto, S. A. & Johnston, M. V. Mental practice combined with physical practice for upper-limb motor deficit in subacute stroke. Physical Therapy. 2001, 81 (8): 1455–62. PMID 11509075. doi:10.1093/ptj/81.8.1455 .

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