超級強國

超級強國（英語：Hyperpower），或超級強權是一個各個領域（即軍事、文化、經濟等）都擁有支配地方的國家，它沒有可以與其能力相匹敵的對手，被認為比超級大國高出一個層次。^[1]儘管在冷戰及蘇聯於1991年解體後，美利堅合眾國已展現出超級強國的特徵，但其全球影響力相對於其他潛在超級大國已開始下降。^[2]^[3]更具體地說，美國作為當今世上最強大的國家，縱然擁有舉世無雙、空前絕後的國力，然而其已經不再在世界每個地區的每個領域（即軍事、文化、經濟、技術、外交）佔據絕對主導地位。^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

起源

自冷戰結束後，美國政治評論員認為需要一個新的名詞來形容美國身為唯一超級大國的地位。^[9]超級強國一詞首次使用是於1991年，由英國評論家佩里格林·沃索恩（英語：Peregrine Worsthorne）提出。^[10]^[11]而法國外交部長于貝爾·韋德里納則於1998年將超級強國一詞普及，因為從法國的立場來看，美國看起來像一個超級強國，儘管以這種方式對美國進行分類的有效性存在爭議。^[12]該術語也被廣泛用於形容過去歷史上主導世界的強權，美國教授蔡美兒在她的《帝國之日》一書中指出，羅馬帝國、波斯帝國、蒙古帝國、中國大統一王朝(如漢、唐)、孔雀帝國、大英帝國均為歷代超級強國。^[13]

參見

參考文獻

引用

^ Definition of 'hyperpower'. Collins Dictionary. Collins. [February 11, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-01）.
^ Richard, Wike. From Hyperpower to Declining Power. Pew Research Center. 2011-09-07 [2021-11-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-18）（美國英語）.
^ To Paris, U.S. Looks Like a 'Hyperpower'. International Herald Tribune. February 5, 1999 [February 11, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-29）.
^ Patrick Cockburn: The US has faced decline before – but nothing like what's to come. The Independent. 2020-03-27 [2020-10-22]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-09）（英語）.
^ Asia Power Index| US. power.lowyinstitute.org. [2020-10-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-15）（英語）. The United States remains the most powerful country in the region but registered the largest fall in relative power of any Indo–Pacific country in 2020. A ten-point overall lead over China two years ago has been narrowed by half in 2020.
^ Hiro, Dilip. Think the US Is the Foremost Global Superpower? Think Again. 2016-10-11 [2020-10-22]. ISSN 0027-8378. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-27）（美國英語）. |journal=被忽略 (幫助)
^ America's innovation edge now in peril, says Baker Institute, American Academy of Arts and Sciences report. news.rice.edu. [2020-10-23]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-28）.
^ China will overtake US in tech race. OMFIF. 2019-10-22 [2020-10-23]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-18）（英國英語）.
^ Kim Richard Nossal. Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower?. McMaster University. 2 July 1999 [4 November 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-26）.
^ Reiter, Erich; Hazdra, Peter. The Impact of Asian Powers on Global Developments. Springer Science+Business Media. March 9, 2013: 5. ISBN 9-783-6621-3172-5. Now though, some people, in whose opinion the term "superpower" does not denote the actual dominance of the USA incisively enough, use the term "hyperpower".
^ Nossal, Kim Richard. Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower?. Saldanha, Western Cape: South African Political Studies Association. June 29, 1999 [November 4, 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-26）.
^ Definition and Use of the Word Hyperpower. [2012-04-23]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-12）.
^ Amy Chua, Days of Empire, http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Day-of-Empire/Amy-Chua/e/9780385512848 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

來源

To Paris, U.S. Looks Like a 'Hyperpower'. The International Herald Tribune. February 5, 1999 [August 20, 2006]. （原始內容存檔於2006-10-26）.
Last, Jonathan. Rule America?. The Weekly Standard (News America Incorporated). October 21, 2005 [2006-09-15]. （原始內容存檔於2007-03-11）.
Védrine, Hubert. France in an Age of Globalization, Brookings Institution Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8157-0007-5
Word Spy - hyper-power. [2006-09-15]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-12）.
Li, Bo; Zheng Yin (Chinese) (2001). 5000 years of Chinese history, Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp , ISBN 7-204-04420-7.

[1] Definition of 'hyperpower'. Collins Dictionary. Collins. [February 11, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-01）.

[2] Richard, Wike. From Hyperpower to Declining Power. Pew Research Center. 2011-09-07 [2021-11-17]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-18）（美國英語）.

[To_Paris-3] To Paris, U.S. Looks Like a 'Hyperpower'. International Herald Tribune. February 5, 1999 [February 11, 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-29）.

[4] Patrick Cockburn: The US has faced decline before – but nothing like what's to come. The Independent. 2020-03-27 [2020-10-22]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-09）（英語）.

[5] Asia Power Index| US. power.lowyinstitute.org. [2020-10-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-15）（英語）. The United States remains the most powerful country in the region but registered the largest fall in relative power of any Indo–Pacific country in 2020. A ten-point overall lead over China two years ago has been narrowed by half in 2020.

[6] Hiro, Dilip. Think the US Is the Foremost Global Superpower? Think Again. 2016-10-11 [2020-10-22]. ISSN 0027-8378. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-27）（美國英語）. |journal=被忽略 (幫助)

[7] America's innovation edge now in peril, says Baker Institute, American Academy of Arts and Sciences report. news.rice.edu. [2020-10-23]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-28）.

[8] China will overtake US in tech race. OMFIF. 2019-10-22 [2020-10-23]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-18）（英國英語）.

[9] Kim Richard Nossal. Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower?. McMaster University. 2 July 1999 [4 November 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-26）.

[10] Reiter, Erich; Hazdra, Peter. The Impact of Asian Powers on Global Developments. Springer Science+Business Media. March 9, 2013: 5. ISBN 9-783-6621-3172-5. Now though, some people, in whose opinion the term "superpower" does not denote the actual dominance of the USA incisively enough, use the term "hyperpower".

[11] Nossal, Kim Richard. Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower?. Saldanha, Western Cape: South African Political Studies Association. June 29, 1999 [November 4, 2010]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-26）.

[12] Definition and Use of the Word Hyperpower. [2012-04-23]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-12）.

[13] Amy Chua, Days of Empire, http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Day-of-Empire/Amy-Chua/e/9780385512848 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

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