舌形動物類
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舌形亞綱 化石時期：寒武紀-現代
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| 一隻雌性的Linguatula serrata | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
| 亞門： | 甲殼亞門 Crustacea |
| 綱： | 魚介形綱 Ichthyostraca |
| 亞綱： | 舌形亞綱 Pentastomida Diesing, 1836 |
| 目[1] | |
舌形動物類（學名：Pentastomida），又稱五口動物類，是動物界的一個分類。屬於無脊椎動物，介乎於環節動物和節肢動物之間，均為寄生性動物。其特徵是體軟、扁而長，無色，透明，無足。身長從數毫米到十數厘米，體表分近百個清晰的節段，內部卻並不分節。舌形動物均為雌雄異體的專性寄生物[2]：牠們的身體沒有呼吸系統、排泄系統和循環系統，蟲體前端口部突出，呈橢圓形，周圍有兩對可伸縮的鈎，用以附着在寄主組織上。 本物種的名稱是因為從其部分物種的外型酷似脊椎動物的舌頭，因而為名；而其學名及另一名稱「五口動物」的來源，則是因為其口器的五個鈎，好像有五個口一樣，因而為名。這五個「鈎」，其實只有一個是真的口器、其餘四個只是顎足。過往由於對本分類物種的分類不明，單單從外形來判斷，所以將其歸類到門一層。後來到了2001年，研究證據顯示五口動物實為退化了的寄生性節肢動物，本物種生物跟其他物種的關係得到確認，所以被降至歸入成為顎足綱的一員，是為舌形亞綱[3]。隨着顎足動物的分類被重組，舌形亞綱亦被重新分類，成為了寡甲總綱魚介形綱的成員[4][5][6][7]。
現時本分類有物種約130個[8]，皆為被動式寄生物，其部分解剖結果為退化性。成年的舌蟲長約1至14厘米（0.4至5.5英寸） ，多數於宿主的呼吸系統黏付着。
分類
以下為這是馬丁和戴維斯在2001年成立的分類[9]，將五口動物置於甲殼亞門顎足綱。以下包含現存的目、超科、科、屬和種[1]：
- 頭行目 Cephalobaenida Heymons, 1935
- Cephalobaenidae Heymons, 1922
- Cephalobaena Heymons, 1922
- Cephalobaena tetrapoda Heymons, 1922
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- Linguatulidae Haldeman, 1851
- Linguatula Frölich, 1789
- Linguatula arctica Riley, Haugerud & Nilssen, 1987
- Linguatula multiannulata Haffner & Rack in Haffner, Rack & Sachs, 1969
- Linguatula recurvata (Diesing, 1850)
- Linguatula serrata Frölich, 1789
- Neolinguatula Haffner & Rack in Haffner, Rack & Sachs, 1969
- Neolinguatula nuttalli (Sambon, 1922)
- Subtriquetridae Fain, 1961
- Subtriquetra Sambon, 1922
- Subtriquetra megacephalum (Baird, 1853)
- Subtriquetra rileyi Junker, Boomker & Booyse, 1998
- Subtriquetra shipleyi Hett, 1924
- Subtriquetra subtriquetra (Diesing, 1836)
- 孔頭舌蟲科 Porocephalidae Sambon, 1922
- 舌蟲屬 Armillifer Sambon, 1922
- Armillifer aborealis Riley & Self, 1981
- Armillifer agkistrodontis Self & Kuntz, 1966
- Armillifer armillatus (Wyman, 1845)
- Armillifer australis Heymons, 1935
- Armillifer grandis (Hett, 1915)
- Armillifer mazzai (Sambon, 1922)
- Armillifer moniliformis (Diesing, 1836)
- Armillifer yoshidai Kishida, 1928
- Cubirea Kishida, 1928
- Cubirea annulata (Baird, 1853)
- Cubirea pomeroyi (Woodland, 1921)
- Elenia Heymons, 1932
- Elenia australis Heymons, 1932
- Gigliolella Chabaud & Choquet, 1954
- Gigliolella brumpti (Giglioli, 1922)
- Kiricephalus Sambon, 1922
- Kiricephalus clelii Riley & Self, 1980
- Kiricephalus coarctatus (Diesing, 1850)
- Kiricephalus constrictor Riley & Self, 1980
- Kiricephalus gabonensis Riley & Self, 1980
- Kiricephalus pattoni (Stephens, 1908)
- Kiricephalus tortus (Shipley, 1898)
- Parasambonia Stunkard & Gandal, 1968
- Parasambonia bridgesi Stunkard & Gandal, 1968
- Parasambonia minor Riley & Self, 1982
- Porocephalus Humboldt, 1812
- Porocephalus basiliscus Riley & Self, 1979
- Porocephalus benoiti Fain, 1960
- Porocephalus bifurcatus
- Porocephalus clavatus (Wyman, 1845)
- Porocephalus crotali Humboldt, 1812
- Porocephalus dominicana Riley & Walters, 1980
- Porocephalus stilesi Sambon in Vaney & Sambon, 1910
- Porocephalus subuliferum (Leuckart, 1860)
- Porocephalus taiwana Qiu, Ma, Fan & Lu, 2005
- Porocephalus tortugensis Riley & Self, 1979
- Waddycephalus Sambon, 1922
- Waddycephalus calligaster Riley & Self, 1981
- Waddycephalus komodoensis Riley & Self, 1981
- Waddycephalus longicauda Riley & Self, 1981
- Waddycephalus porphyriacus Riley & Self, 1981
- Waddycephalus punctulatus Riley & Self, 1981
- Waddycephalus radiata Riley & Self, 1981
- Waddycephalus scutata Riley & Self, 1981
- Waddycephalus superbus Riley & Self, 1981
- Waddycephalus teretiusculus (Baird, 1862)
- Waddycephalus vitiensis Heymons, 1932
- Sebekidae Sambon, 1922
- Alofia Giglioli in Sambon, 1922
- Alofia ginae Giglioli in Sambon, 1922
- Alofia indica (von Linstow, 1906)
- Alofia merki Giglioli 'in Sambon, 1922
- Alofia nilotici Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1995
- Alofia parva Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1995
- Alofia platycephalum (Lohrmann, 1889)
- Alofia simpsoni Riley, 1994
- Alofia travassosi (Heymons, 1932)
- Diesingia Sambon, 1922
- Diesingia kachugensis (Shipley, 1910)
- Diesingia megastomum (Diesing, 1836)
- Selfia Riley, 1994
- Selfia porosus Riley, 1994
- Leiperia Sambon, 1922
- Leiperia australiensis Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1996
- Leiperia cincinnalis (Sambon in Vaney & Sambon, 1910)
- Leiperia gracilis (Diesing, 1836)
- Sambonia Noc & Giglioli, 1922
- Sambonia clavata (Lohrmann, 1889)
- Sambonia parapodum Self & Kuntz, 1966
- Sambonia solomenensis (Self & Kuntz, 1957)
- Sambonia varani (Self & Kuntz, 1957)
- Sambonia wardi (Sambon in Vaney & Sambon, 1910)
- Agema Riley et al., 1997
- Agema silvaepalustris Riley et al., 1997
- Pelonia Junker & Boomker, 2002
- Pelonia africana Junker & Boomker, 2002
- Sebekia Sambon, 1922
- Sebekia cesarisi Giglioli in Sambon, 1922
- Sebekia divestei Giglioli in Sambon, 1922
- Sebekia johnstoni Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990
- Sebekia microhamus Self & Rego, 1985
- Sebekia minor (Wedl, 1861)
- Sebekia mississippiensis Overstreet, Self & Vliet, 1985
- Sebekia multiannulata Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990
- Sebekia novaeguineae Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990
- Sebekia okavangoensis Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1995
- Sebekia oxycephalum (Diesing, 1836)
- Sebekia purdieae Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990
- Sebekia trinitatis Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990
- Raillietiellida Almeida & Christoffersen, 1999
- Raillietiellidae Sambon, 1922
- Raillietiella Sambon, 1910
- Raillietiella aegypti Ali, Riley & Self, 1982
- Raillietiella affinis Bovien, 1927
- Raillietiella agcoi Tubangui & Masiluñgan, 1936
- Raillietiella ampanihyensis Gretillat, Brygoo & Domergue, 1962
- Raillietiella amphiboluri Mahon, 1954
- Raillietiella belohaensis McAllister, Riley, Freed & Freed, 1993
- Raillietiella bicaudata Heymons & Vitzthum, 1935
- Raillietiella boulengeri (Vaney & Sambon, 1910)
- Raillietiella bufonis Ali, Riley & Self, 1982
- Raillietiella cartagenensis Ali, Riley & Self, 1985
- Raillietiella chamaeleonis Gretillat & Brygoo, 1959
- Raillietiella colubrilineati (Leuckart, 1860)
- Raillietiella congolensis Fain, 1961
- Raillietiella crotali Ali, Riley & Self, 1984
- Raillietiella freitasi (Motta & Gomes, 1968)
- Raillietiella furcocercum (Diesing, 1836)
- Raillietiella gehyrae Bovien, 1927
- Raillietiella gigliolii Hett, 1924
- Raillietiella gowrii Rajalu & Rajendran, 1970
- Raillietiella hebitihamata Self & Kuntz, 1960
- Raillietiella hemidactyli Hett, 1934
- Raillietiella indica Gedoelst, 1921
- Raillietiella kochi Heymons, 1926
- Raillietiella mabuiae Heymons, 1922
- Raillietiella maculatus Rao & Hiregaudar, 1962
- Raillietiella maculilabris Ali, Riley & Self, 1984
- Raillietiella madagascariensis McAllister et al., 1993
- Raillietiella mediterranea (Hett, 1915)
- Raillietiella monarchus Ali, Riley & Self, 1984
- Raillietiella morenoi Abreu-Acosta et al., 2006
- Raillietiella mottae Almeida, Freire & Lopes, 2008
- Raillietiella namibiensis Riley & Heideman 1998
- Raillietiella orientalis (Hett, 1915)
- Raillietiella piscator Nair, 1967
- Raillietiella rileyi Krishnasamy et al., 1995
- Raillietiella schoutedeni Fain, 1960
- Raillietiella scincoides Ali, Riley & Self, 1984
- Raillietiella spiralis Hett, 1924
- Raillietiella teagueselfi Riley, McAllister & Freed, 1988
- Raillietiella tetrapoda (Gretillat, Brygoo & Domergue, 1962)
- Raillietiella trachea Riley, Oaks & Gilbert, 2003
- Raillietiella venteli (Motta, 1965)
- Yelirella Spratt, 2010
- Yelirella petauri (Spratt, 2010)
- Reighardiida Almeida & Christoffersen, 1999
- Reighardiidae Heymons, 1926
- Hispania Martínez et al., 2004
- Hispania vulturis Martínez et al., 2004
- Reighardia Ward, 1899
- Reighardia lomviae Dyck, 1975
- Reighardia sternae (Diesing, 1864)
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Boxshall, Geoff. Pentastomida. WoRMS. 2013 [2013-05-13].
- ^ Chen, Shao-Hong; Liu, Qin; Zhang, Yong-Nian; Chen, Jia-Xu; Li, Hao; Chen, Ying; Steinmann, Peter; Zhou, Xiao-Nong. Multi-host Model-Based Identification of Armillifer agkistrodontis (Pentastomida), a New Zoonotic Parasite from China. 2010-04-06 [2019-02-10]. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000647. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-13） （英語）.
- ^ Lavrov, Dennis V.; Brown, Wesley M.; Boore, Jeffrey L. Phylogenetic position of the Pentastomida and (pan)crustacean relationships. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 7 March 2004, 271 (1538): 537–544. PMC 1691615
. PMID 15129965. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2631.
- ^ Boxshall, Geoff. Crustacea. WoRMS. 2015-05-05 [2019-02-09].
- ^ Boxshall, Geoff. Oligostraca. WoRMS. 2017-09-04 [2019-02-09].
- ^ Boxshall, Geoff. Ichthyostraca. WoRMS. 2017-09-04 [2019-02-09] –透過WoRMS.
- ^ Zrzavý, J., Hypša, V. & Vlášková, M. Fortey, R.A. & Thomas, R.H. , 編. Arthropod phylogeny: taxonomic congruence, total evidence and conditional combination approaches to morphological and molecular data sets. Systematics Association (London: Chapman & Hall). 1997,. Special Volume series 55: pp.97–107.
- ^ Waloszek, Dieter; Repetski, John E.; Maas, Andreas. A new Late Cambrian pentastomid and a review of the relationships of this parasitic group. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences. 2005, 96: 163–176. doi:10.1017/S0263593300001280 （英語）.
- ^ Martin, J. W.; Davis, G. E. An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 2001: 132 pp [2014-08-28]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2013-05-12） （英語）.
- ^ 李健、石雲良、施維、方芳、周慶安、李雯雯、何國聲、黃維義. 扫描电镜观察猴体内寄生的蛇舌状虫属若虫及基于其 18S rRNA 基因的种系发育关系分析 (PDF). 中國寄生蟲學與寄生蟲病雜誌. 2012-04, 30 (2) [2019-02-08] （中文（簡體））.
