膜蛋白質
膜蛋白(英語:membrane protein)是指能夠結合或整合到細胞或細胞器的膜上的蛋白質的總稱。而細胞中一半以上的蛋白質可以與膜以不同形式結合。根據與膜結合強度的不同以及位置,膜蛋白可以被分為三類:外在膜蛋白(或稱外周膜蛋白)、整合膜蛋白和脂錨定蛋白。
主要類型
- 整合膜蛋白是鑲嵌在磷脂雙分子層上的蛋白質,總是與膜結合在一起,往往可多次跨膜,形成多個α-螺旋構成的跨膜通道。可以定義為需要通過人工加入去垢劑(如SDS或Triton X-100)或其他非極性溶劑才能夠從膜中分離出來的蛋白質。其跨膜結構域通常是由20-25個非極性氨基酸組成的α-螺旋結構,而親水結構域則伸出細胞質面和膜的外表面。內在膜蛋白還可以根據與雙分子膜之間結合關係的差異細分為:
- 外在膜蛋白是能夠暫時與膜或整合膜蛋白結合的蛋白質,主要是通過疏水、靜電和其他非共價相互作用來進行結合,這種結合可以通過加入極性試劑,如高pH或高鹽溶液來破壞。
- 脂錨定蛋白是膜蛋白以共價鍵與脂相連,並以脂肪酸鏈插入膜中,細胞外表面和胞質面都存在
內在膜蛋白和外在膜蛋白都可以被轉譯後修飾,如加上脂肪酸鏈和異戊二烯化,有助於與脂膜的結合。
參見
參考文獻
書籍
- 吳光耀 主編:《精英教案》,軍事宜文出版社,2005
延伸閱讀
- Protein-lipid interactions (Ed. L.K. Tamm) Wiley, 2005.
- Popot J-L. and Engelman D.M. 2000. Helical membrane protein folding, stability, and evolution. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69: 881-922.
- Bowie J.U. 2005. Solving the membrane protein folding problem. Nature 438: 581-589.
- Cho, W. and Stahelin, R.V. 2005. Membrane-protein interactions in cell signaling and membrane trafficking. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 34: 119–151.
- Goni F.M. 2002. Non-permanent proteins in membranes: when proteins come as visitors. Mol. Membr. Biol. 19: 237-245.
- Johnson J.E. and Cornell R.B. 1999. Amphitropic proteins: regulation by reversible membrane interactions. Mol. Membr. Biol. 16: 217-235.
- Seaton B.A. and Roberts M.F. Peripheral membrane proteins. pp. 355-403. In Biological Membranes (Eds. K. Mertz and B.Roux), Birkhauser Boston, 1996.
外部連結
組織
- Membrane Protein Structural Dynamics Consortium (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Transmembrane Protein Center (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) at University of Wisconsin-Madison
膜蛋白質數據庫
- List of transmembrane proteins of known 3D structure
- TCDB - Transporter Classification database
- Orientations of Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database 3D structures of integral and peripheral membrane proteins arranged in the lipid bilayer
- Membrane PDB (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) Database of 3D structures of integral membrane proteins and hydrophobic peptides with an emphasis on crystallization conditions
- Protein Data Bank of Transmembrane Proteins 3D models of all transmembrane proteins currently in PDB. Approximate positions of membrane boundary planes were calculated for each PDB entry.
- TransportDB Genomics-oriented database of transporters from TIGR
- Membrane targeting domains (MeTaDoR)
延伸閱讀
- (英文)The Human Membrane Proteome (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) - A comprehensive article covering the transmembrane protein component of the human proteome