胖頭鱥

胖頭鱥
保護狀況
	; 無危（IUCN 3.1）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	輻鰭魚綱 Actinopteri
目：	鯉形目 Cypriniformes
亞目：	鯉亞目 Cyprinoidei
科：	雅羅魚科 Leuciscidae
屬：	胖頭鱥屬 Pimephales
種：	胖頭鱥 P. promelas
二名法
	Pimephales promelas; (Rafinesque, 1820)
異名
	Hyborhynchus confertus Girard, 1856; Pimephales fasciatus Girard, 1856; Pimephales maculosus Girard, 1856; Hyborhynchus puniceus Girard, 1856; Plargyrus melanocephalus Abbott, 1860; Pimephales milesii Cope, 1865; Pimephales agassizii Cope, 1867; Colistus parietalis Cope, 1871; Hyborhynchus nigellus Cope, 1875; Cliola smithii Evermann & Cox, 1896; Pimephales anuli Kendall, 1903;

胖頭鱥（學名：Pimephales promelas）是輻鰭魚綱鯉形目雅羅魚科的其中一個種，廣泛分佈於北美洲，從加拿大魁北克省至不列顛哥倫比亞省、西北地方，南至美國阿拉巴馬州、德克薩斯州、墨西哥淡水流域，本魚體細長且側扁，頭圓鈍，口近端位，通常呈暗橄欖灰色，背部和側面有一條暗色條紋，腹部顏色較淺，背鰭中部有一個暗色斑點，繁殖期雄魚在頸背上長出一個大的灰色肉質生長物，在鼻子上長出大約16個白色的繁殖結節^[2]，背鰭軟條8枚、臀鰭軟條7枚，體長可達10.1公分^[3]^[4]，壽命可達5年，棲息在河川、湖泊、溝渠、水塘、沼澤，能忍受混濁、低氧的水域，屬雜食性，以藻類、昆蟲、甲殼類及有機碎屑等為食^[5]，單獨或成群活動^[6]，繁殖期在6至8月，雄魚會築巢，當雌魚產卵後，雄魚會守護巢穴。本種魚常被當作餌料魚，最近在水族館貿易中有玫瑰紅的變異出現，這種顏色變異於1985年在美國[[阿肯色州的幾個養殖場被發現。該品系的雌雄都有玫瑰金色的身體和鰭，可能表現出野生型的深色斑點，可作為觀賞魚^[7]。

參考文獻

^ NatureServe & Daniels, A. Pimephales promelas. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T191292A130031376 [29 January 2024]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T191292A130031376.en .
^ Alderton, David (2005), Encyclopedia of Aquarium and Pondfish, p. 360, Dorling Kindersley, New York, NY. ISBN 0-7566-0941-0
^ Hugg, D.O., 1996. MAPFISH georeferenced mapping database. Freshwater and estuarine fishes of North America. Life Science Software. Dennis O. and Steven Hugg, 1278 Turkey Point Road, Edgewater, Maryland, USA.
^ Etnier, D.A. and W.C. Starnes, 1993. The fishes of Tennessee. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
^ Parr, Cynthia Sims. Bluntnose Minnow. University of Michigan. [1 May 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-28）.
^ Minnow Family Cyprinidae. Cornell DNR. [3 May 2012]. （原始內容存檔於17 April 2012）.
^ Quinn, John R. (1990), Our Native Fishes: The Aquarium Hobbyist's Guide to Observing, Collecting, and Keeping Them, p. 76, The Countryman Press, Woodstock, VT. ISBN 0-88150-181-6.

[IUCN-1] NatureServe & Daniels, A. Pimephales promelas. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T191292A130031376 [29 January 2024]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T191292A130031376.en .

[Alderton-2] Alderton, David (2005), Encyclopedia of Aquarium and Pondfish, p. 360, Dorling Kindersley, New York, NY. ISBN 0-7566-0941-0

[3] Hugg, D.O., 1996. MAPFISH georeferenced mapping database. Freshwater and estuarine fishes of North America. Life Science Software. Dennis O. and Steven Hugg, 1278 Turkey Point Road, Edgewater, Maryland, USA.

[4] Etnier, D.A. and W.C. Starnes, 1993. The fishes of Tennessee. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.

[University_of_Michigan-5] Parr, Cynthia Sims. Bluntnose Minnow. University of Michigan. [1 May 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-28）.

[MinnowFamilyCyprinidae-6] Minnow Family Cyprinidae. Cornell DNR. [3 May 2012]. （原始內容存檔於17 April 2012）.

[Quinn-7] Quinn, John R. (1990), Our Native Fishes: The Aquarium Hobbyist's Guide to Observing, Collecting, and Keeping Them, p. 76, The Countryman Press, Woodstock, VT. ISBN 0-88150-181-6.

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