禮貌理論
禮貌理論（英語：Politeness theory）由佩內洛普·布朗 (Penelope Brown) 和斯蒂芬·C·萊文森 (Stephen C. Levinson) 提出，被用來解釋人際交往中人們為下述目標做出的努力：避免（或糾正）侮辱對方的自尊，或宣稱對方具有積極的社會價值。 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]在社會學里，這種自尊被稱為「面子」（也即漢語中「挽回顏面」和「丟臉」里提到的「顏面」）。對於社會學的學者來說，禮貌即是保存對方面子、避免損害對方面子的行為。
參考文獻
- ^ Foley, William. 1997. Anthropological Linguistics: An introduction. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-15122-7
- ^ Metts, Sandra. Encyclopedia of Human Relationships: Vol. 1-. Encyclopedia of Human Relationships. SAGE Publications, Inc. 2009. ISBN 9781412958462. doi:10.4135/9781412958479.n190.
- ^ Henningsen, Mary L. M. Politeness Theory. 2017. ISBN 9781483381435. doi:10.4135/9781483381411.
- ^ Spencer-Oatey, Helen. Culturally Speaking: Culture, Communication and Politeness Theory-Continuum. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. 2008. ISBN 978-08264-9310-1.
- ^ NetCommons. 長崎外大リポジトリ. The Journal of Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies. 2018-12-30, (22): 43–52 [2023-01-20]. ISSN 1346-4981. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-20） （日語）.
- ^ Kawai, Maho. THE APPLICATION OF POLITENESS THEORY INTO ENGLISH EDUCATION IN JAPAN (PDF) (學位論文). Linköping University. August 2013 [2023-01-20]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-06-28）.
- ^ Guan, Xiaowen; Lee, Hye Eun. Fight and flight: A multilevel analysis of facework strategies in intercultural face-threatening acts. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. May 2017, 58: 69–81. ISSN 0147-1767. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.04.008.
- ^ Bouchara, Abdelaziz. Politeness in Shakespeare: Applying Brown and Levinson´s Politeness Theory to Shakespeare's Comedies. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag. 2009.