愛爾蘭天主教徒
| 愛爾蘭天主教徒 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 總人口 | |
| 460萬 (愛爾蘭) 5500萬到6000萬 (主要居住於加拿大以及美國東部與中部) | |
| 分佈地區 | |
 愛爾蘭共和國 | 4,000,000 |
| 北愛爾蘭 | 750,000 |
 美國 | ~20,000,000[1][2] |
 加拿大 | 5,000,000[3] |
 英國 | 15,000,000[4][與來源不符] |
 澳大利亞 | 7,000,000[5][6] |
 阿根廷 | 500,000-1,000,000[7][8] |
 新西蘭 | 600,000[9] |
 法國 | 15,000[10] |
| 語言 | |
| 英語 (愛爾蘭方言, 美國方言, 英國方言, 澳大利亞方言以及新西蘭方言), 愛爾蘭語 (主要於愛爾蘭), 西班牙語 (阿根廷方言以及墨西哥方言)和法語 (法國本土) | |
| 宗教信仰 | |
| 天主教會 | |
| 相關族群 | |
| Irish people, Irish diaspora, Irish Travellers, Irish Americans, Irish Canadians, Irish Australians, Irish New Zealanders, Irish Britons, Irish Argentines, Irish Mexicans, Irish French | |
愛爾蘭天主教徒是一個同時是天主教徒和愛爾蘭人的民族宗教團體，本土於愛爾蘭。[11] [12]愛爾蘭天主教徒在全球各地有着大量流散僑民，其中包括超過2000萬美國人。 [13]
概述和歷史
愛爾蘭天主教徒和愛爾蘭新教徒之間的分歧在16世紀到20世紀的愛爾蘭歷史中產生了重大的影響。這些影響在地方自治危機和北愛爾蘭問題中尤其顯著。雖然廣泛的來說標誌着這些分歧的是宗教的劃定，但這些爭論主要是政治與權力上的。例如，雖然大多數的愛爾蘭天主教徒認為自己被排除在權力之外並具有獨立於英國的身份，有部分反對英國統治、煽動叛亂的新教愛爾蘭民族主義者則是愛爾蘭民族主義的支持者（儘管大多數的愛爾蘭新教徒反對分離主義）。在1798年的愛爾蘭起義中，同不屬於作為國教的愛爾蘭教會的天主教徒和長老會於此之中找到了聯合的理由。
愛爾蘭天主教徒遍佈世界許多國家，尤其是在英語圈中。由於1800年代中期的愛爾蘭大饑荒，從愛爾蘭向外的移民在當時呈指數級增長。在美國，1850年代的「一無所知」運動和其他19世紀反天主教、反愛爾蘭的政治團體表達了對愛爾蘭天主教徒的敵意並訴諸了暴力。不過，自20世紀以來，愛爾蘭天主教徒在美國已經生根發芽，現在已是美國的主流社會的一部分。
相關條目
參考文獻
- ^ Selected Social Characteristics in the United States (DP02): 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. [December 11, 2014]. （原始內容存檔於February 12, 2020）.
- ^ Carroll, Michael P. How the Irish Became Protestant in America. Religion and American Culture (University of California Press). Winter 2006, 16 (1): 25–54. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2006.16.1.25. S2CID 145240474. doi:10.1525/rac.2006.16.1.25.
Of the 1,495 respondents who identified themselves as "Irish," 51 percent were Protestant and 36 percent were Catholic.
- ^ Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey. Statistics Canada. 2011 [2021-09-22]. （原始內容存檔於2019-12-09）.
- ^ One in four Britons claim Irish roots. News.bbc.co.uk. March 16, 2001 [2021-09-22]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-22）.
- ^ Ancestry Information Operations Unlimited Company - Press Release. www.ancestryeurope.lu. [October 11, 2017]. （原始內容存檔於September 7, 2017）.
- ^ Ireland country brief 請檢查
|url=值 (幫助). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. July 28, 2013 [June 2, 2019]. - ^ Western People: Flying the Irish flag in Argentina. Western People. March 14, 2007 [June 2, 2019]. （原始內容存檔於December 18, 2007）.
- ^ IrishAboard.com = Irish Social Networking Worldwide. www.irishaboard.com. [2021-09-22]. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-18）.
- ^ The Irish in New Zealand: Historical Contexts and Perspectives - Brian Easton. www.eastonbh. [2021-09-22]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-17）.
- ^ Prếsentation de l'Irlande. France Diplomatie : : Ministḕre de l'Europe des Affaires ễtrangễres.
- ^ Evans, Jocelyn; Tonge, Jonathan. Catholic, Irish and Nationalist: evaluating the importance of ethno-national and ethno-religious variables in determining nationalist political allegiance in Northern Ireland. Nations and Nationalism. 2013, 19 (2): 357–375. doi:10.1111/nana.12005.
- ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2021-09-22]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-11-01）.
- ^ U.S. Census. U.S. Census Bureau. [13 April 2008]. （原始內容存檔於11 February 2020）.
其他閱讀
愛爾蘭天主教徒
- Anbinder, Tyler (2002). Five Points: The Nineteenth-Century New York City Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections and Became the World's Most Notorious Slum. New York: Plume ISBN 0-452-28361-2
- Anbinder, Tyler, "Moving beyond 'Rags to Riches': New York's Irish Famine Immigrants and Their Surprising Savings Accounts," Journal of American History 99 (December 2012), 741–70.
- Bayor, Ronald; Meagher, Timothy (eds.) (1997) The New York Irish. Baltimore: University of Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN 0-8018-5764-3ISBN 0-8018-5764-3
- Blessing, Patrick J. (1992). The Irish in America: A Guide to the Literature and the Manuscript Editions. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 0-8132-0731-2ISBN 0-8132-0731-2
- Clark, Dennis (1982). The Irish in Philadelphia: Ten Generations of Urban Experience (2nd Ed.). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-227-4ISBN 0-87722-227-4
- English, T. J. (2005). Paddy Whacked: The Untold Story of the Irish American Gangster. New York: ReganBooks. ISBN 0-06-059002-5ISBN 0-06-059002-5
- Ebest, Ron. "The Irish Catholic Schooling of James T. Farrell, 1914–23." Éire-Ireland 30.4 (1995): 18-32 excerpt （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
- Erie, Steven P. (1988). Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840—1985. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07183-2ISBN 0-520-07183-2
- Fanning, Charles, and Ellen Skerrett. "James T. Farrell and Washington Park: The Novel as Social History." Chicago History 8 (1979): 80-91.
- French, John. "Irish-American Identity, Memory, and Americanism During the Eras of the Civil War and First World War." (PhD Dissertation, Marquette University, 2012). Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Gleeson. David T. The Green and the Gray: The Irish in the Confederate States of America (U of North Carolina Press, 2013); online review （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Ignatiev, Noel (1996). How the Irish Became White. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-91825-1ISBN 0-415-91825-1
- Jensen, Richard. (2002) "'No Irish Need Apply': A Myth of Victimization". Journal of Social History 36.2 pp. 405–429 online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Kenny, Kevin. "Abraham Lincoln and the American Irish." American Journal of Irish Studies (2013): 39–64.
- Kenny, Kevin (2000). The American Irish: A History. New York: Longman, 2000. ISBN 978-0582278172ISBN 978-0582278172
- McCaffrey, Lawrence J. (1976). The Irish Diaspora in America. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America ISBN 0-8132-0896-3
- McKelvey, Blake. "The Irish in Rochester An Historical Retrospect." Rochester History 19: 1-16. online, on Rochester New York
- Meagher, Timothy J. (2000). Inventing Irish America: Generation, Class, and Ethnic Identity in a New England City, 1880–1928. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-03154-1ISBN 0-268-03154-1
- Mitchell, Brian C. (2006). The Paddy Camps: The Irish of Lowell, 1821–61. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07338-XISBN 0-252-07338-X
- Mulrooney, Margaret M. (ed.) (2003). Fleeing the Famine: North America and Irish Refugees, 1845–1851. New York: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-97670-XISBN 0-275-97670-X
- Noble, Dale T. (1986). Paddy and the Republic: Ethnicity and Nationality in Antebellum America. Middleton, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6167-3ISBN 0-8195-6167-3
- O'Connor, Thomas H. (1995). The Boston Irish: A Political History. Old Saybrook, Connecticut: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-620-1ISBN 978-1-56852-620-1
- O'Donnell, L. A. (1997). Irish Voice and Organized Labor in America: A Biographical Study. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
- Rogers, James Silas and Matthew J O'Brien, eds. After the Flood: Irish America, 1945–1960 (2009), Specialized essays by scholars
- Sim, David. (2013) A Union Forever: The Irish Question and US Foreign Relations in the Victorian Age (Cornell University Press, 2013)
- The Irish Cultural, Political, Social, and Religious Heritages （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Ireland: The Rise of Irish Nationalism, 1801–1850 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Emigrants and Immigrants （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Communities in Conflict: American Nativists and Irish Catholics （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Irish-American Politics （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Irish America and the Course of Irish Nationalism （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- From Ghetto to Suburbs: From Someplace to Noplace? （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Endnotes （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
外部連結
- 國會圖書館 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- 美國的愛爾蘭天主教僑民（對ISBN 0-8132-0896-3一書的簡介）
- St. Colman Mac Duagh （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） （受歡迎的愛爾蘭天主教徒網站）
- 論澳大利亞的愛爾蘭天主教徒