樹舌靈芝

*Ganoderma applanatum*
Ganoderma applanatum
查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板真菌形態特徵
	子實層上有萌發孔
	無明顯蕈傘
	子實層自基部沿蕈柄向下生長
	無蕈柄
	孢印褐色
	寄生真菌
	不可食

樹舌靈芝
科學分類
界：	真菌界 Fungi
門：	擔子菌門 Basidiomycota
綱：	傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes
目：	多孔菌目 Polyporales
科：	靈芝科 Ganodermataceae
屬：	靈芝屬 Ganoderma
種：	樹舌靈芝 G. applanatum
二名法
	Ganoderma applanatum; (Pers.) Pat.
異名
	Boletus applanatus; Elfvingia applanata; Fomes applanatus; Fomes vegetus; Ganoderme aplani; Ganoderma lipsiense; Polyporus applanatus; Polyporus vegetus;

這是一篇與真菌類相關的小作品。您可以透過編輯或修訂擴充其內容。

樹舌靈芝（學名：Ganoderma applanatum）^[1]，俗稱老牛肝^{[來源請求]}，是一個具有世界性分佈（英語：Cosmopolitan distribution）的支架真菌（英語：Bracket fungus）。

整個孢子體可高達30—40厘米（12—16英寸），質硬，木質紋理；它們起初生長時是白色，但很快就變成深紅褐色。棕色孢子將從子實體的下側的氣孔釋放出來。子實體是多年生植物，可能持續多年，隨着尺寸增加，氣孔將形成新層。

它是一種木腐真菌，主要生長在死木材，也可作為活樹木的病原體，特別在較老的樹木。它是山毛櫸和楊樹腐朽和死亡的常見原因，並是對其他幾個樹屬腐朽和死亡的較少經常的原因，包括榿木屬，蘋果屬，榆樹屬，七葉樹屬，槭屬(楓樹)，櫟屬(橡木)，胡桃木（英語：walnut），柳樹，西部鐵杉（英語：western hemlock），花旗松，和雲杉屬。

這種真菌的特點在於它是作為藝術家的繪畫介質的能力。當其表面被用鋒利的工具摩擦或刮花，它從淺色變為暗褐色，產生可見的線條和陰影。

醫用

樹舌靈芝在日本被稱為「粉吹猿腰掛」（コフキサルノコシカケ^{kofuki-saru-no-koshikake}）^[2]^[3]，字面意思是「粉覆蓋猴子的長椅」。而在中國，長期以來一直用於傳統藥物^[4]。研究表明，靈芝富含三萜類等化合物^[5]^[6]^[7]，在抗氧化，抗癌，抗血脂，抗細菌^[8]^[9]，抗肝纖維化^[10]，和抗抑鬱等方面均有效果。不過靈芝能否作為營養膳食的補充劑，還是僅僅能作為藥物用於治療特定的疾病仍存在爭議^[11]。

參考資料

^ Overson, Alissa. Ganoderma applanatum: The Artist's Conk. The Fungal Kingdom. Evergreen State College. [3 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-12）.
^ kofuki- saru-no-koshikake (コフキサルノコシカケ). Flora of Mikawa. [3 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-30）.
^ Mizuno, Takashi. Sarunokoshikake: Polyporaecea fungi‐kofukisarunokoshikake, ganoderma applanatum and tsugasarunokoshikake, fomitopsis pinicola. Taylor & Francis Online.
^ About Asian Anti-Cancer Materia Database. http://asiancancerherb.info/. [2017-07-01]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-02）.
^ MIZUNO, TAKASHI; et al. Isolation and characterization of antitumor active β-d-glucans from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma applanatum. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands. [3 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-08）.
^ Taichi Usui et. al. Antitumor Activity of Water-Soluble β-D-Glucan Elaborated by Ganoderma applanatum. Taylor & Francis Online. [5 March 2016].
^ Applanoxidic acids A, B, C and D, biologically active tetracyclic triterpenes from Ganoderma applanatum. Phytochemistry. 26 March 1991, 30 (12, 1991): 4105–4109 [2017-07-01]. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(91)83476-2. （原始內容存檔於2017-05-10）.
^ Antibacterial Activity of Steroidal Compounds Isolated from Ganoderma applanatum. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms: 325–330. [2017-07-01]. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v1.i4.40. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-07）.
^ Exopolysaccharide from Ganoderma applanatum as a Promising Bioactive Compound with Cytostatic and Antibacterial Properties. BioMed Research International. July 2014, 2014: 1–10 [2017-07-01]. doi:10.1155/2014/743812. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-06）.
^ Luo, Q; Di, L; Dai, WF; Lu, Q; Yan, YM; Yang, ZL; Li, RT; Cheng, YX. Applanatumin A, a new dimeric meroterpenoid from Ganoderma applanatum that displays potent antifibrotic activity. Org. Lett. February 23, 2015, 17: 1110–3. PMID 25706347. doi:10.1021/ol503610b.
^ Galappaththi, Mahesh C. A.; Patabendige, Nimesha M.; Premarathne, Bhagya M.; Hapuarachchi, Kalani K.; Tibpromma, Saowaluck; Dai, Dong-Qin; Suwannarach, Nakarin; Rapior, Sylvie; Karunarathna, Samantha C. A Review of Ganoderma Triterpenoids and Their Bioactivities. Biomolecules. 2022-12-22, 13 (1). ISSN 2218-273X. PMC 9856212 . PMID 36671409. doi:10.3390/biom13010024 （英語）.

外部連結

樹舌靈芝在Index Fungorum中的資訊
Mushroom Observer：Observations of Ganoderma applanatum

[The_Artist's_Conk-1] Overson, Alissa. Ganoderma applanatum: The Artist's Conk. The Fungal Kingdom. Evergreen State College. [3 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2015-01-12）.

[Flora_of_Mikawa-2] uki- saru-no-koshikake (コフキサルノコシカケ). Flora of Mikawa. [3 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-30）.

[Takashi_2009-3] Mizuno, Takashi. Sarunokoshikake: Polyporaecea fungi‐kofukisarunokoshikake, ganoderma applanatum and tsugasarunokoshikake, fomitopsis pinicola. Taylor & Francis Online.

[http://asiancancerherb.info/-4] About Asian Anti-Cancer Materia Database. http://asiancancerherb.info/. [2017-07-01]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-02）.

[Takashi_1983-5] MIZUNO, TAKASHI; et al. Isolation and characterization of antitumor active β-d-glucans from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma applanatum. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - Printed in The Netherlands. [3 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-08）.

[Antitumor_Activity_of_Ganoderma_applanatum-6] Taichi Usui et. al. Antitumor Activity of Water-Soluble β-D-Glucan Elaborated by Ganoderma applanatum. Taylor & Francis Online. [5 March 2016].

[Phytochemistry-7] Applanoxidic acids A, B, C and D, biologically active tetracyclic triterpenes from Ganoderma applanatum. Phytochemistry. 26 March 1991, 30 (12, 1991): 4105–4109 [2017-07-01]. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(91)83476-2. （原始內容存檔於2017-05-10）.

[Antibacterial_Activity-8] Antibacterial Activity of Steroidal Compounds Isolated from Ganoderma applanatum. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms: 325–330. [2017-07-01]. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushr.v1.i4.40. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-07）.

[antibacterial_properties-9] Exopolysaccharide from Ganoderma applanatum as a Promising Bioactive Compound with Cytostatic and Antibacterial Properties. BioMed Research International. July 2014, 2014: 1–10 [2017-07-01]. doi:10.1155/2014/743812. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-06）.

[antifibrotic-10] Luo, Q; Di, L; Dai, WF; Lu, Q; Yan, YM; Yang, ZL; Li, RT; Cheng, YX. Applanatumin A, a new dimeric meroterpenoid from Ganoderma applanatum that displays potent antifibrotic activity. Org. Lett. February 23, 2015, 17: 1110–3. PMID 25706347. doi:10.1021/ol503610b.

[11] Galappaththi, Mahesh C. A.; Patabendige, Nimesha M.; Premarathne, Bhagya M.; Hapuarachchi, Kalani K.; Tibpromma, Saowaluck; Dai, Dong-Qin; Suwannarach, Nakarin; Rapior, Sylvie; Karunarathna, Samantha C. A Review of Ganoderma Triterpenoids and Their Bioactivities. Biomolecules. 2022-12-22, 13 (1). ISSN 2218-273X. PMC 9856212 . PMID 36671409. doi:10.3390/biom13010024 （英語）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

分類單元識別碼
Ganoderma applanatum	維基數據: Q774576 維基物種: Ganoderma applanatum ARKive: ganoderma-applanatum AusFungi: 60028080 BioLib: 60746 臺灣物種名錄: 142258 EoL: 133532 EPPO: GANOAP FloraBase: 51123 真菌索引: 119872 GBIF: 2549834 iNaturalist: 48473 IRMNG: 11383193 MycoBank: 119872 NBN: NBNSYS0000020961 NCBI: 29884 NZOR: 26ce890e-d84d-4da0-92f6-39093e94f61d PPE: ganoderma-applanatum
Boletus applanatus	維基數據: Q59511576 AusFungi: 60028081 真菌索引: 172019 GBIF: 5954452 IRMNG: 10383067 MycoBank: 172019 NZOR: 69fa7429-da44-4d0e-b33e-9c30b390e755