巨空棘魚屬

巨腔棘魚屬; 化石時期：白堊紀晚期，84.1–66 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 可能還有土侖期的紀錄
	頭骨，位於美國落磯山脈恐龍資源中心（英語：Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	腔棘魚綱 Coelacanthimorpha
目：	腔棘魚目 Coelacanthiformes
科：	矛尾魚科 Latimeriidae
屬：	†巨腔棘魚屬 Megalocoelacanthus; Schwimmer et al., 1994
模式種
	杜比巨腔棘魚; Megalocoelacanthus dobiei; Schwimmer, Steward & Williams, 1994
異名
	Megacoelacanthus（誤拼）; Schultze et al., 2010;

巨腔棘魚屬（屬名：Megalocoelacanthus）是已滅絕的巨型矛尾魚科腔棘魚，生活於晚白堊世的桑托期晚期到馬斯特里赫特期的河口與近海^[5]，全長估計有3.5至4.5公尺^[1]^[6]，是同時期最大的腔棘魚^[7]，也是最後的已滅絕腔棘魚之一^[6]。巨腔棘魚已被確認的化石皆來自美國東南部，包含阿拉巴馬州和喬治亞州的尤托組（英語：Eutaw Formation）、摩爾維爾組（英語：Mooreville Chalk）與布拉夫組（英語：Blufftown Chalk），以及堪薩斯州的尼奧布拉拉組（英語：Niobrara Formation），此外在墨西哥東北部新萊昂州的阿瓜內瓦組（英語：Agua Nueva Formation）也有疑似的化石紀錄^[3]，但尚無完整的化石被發現。本屬僅有一個物種，即模式種杜比巨腔棘魚（M. dobiei），得名自兩棲爬行動物學家詹姆斯·杜比（James L. Dobie）^[1]。

迄今的譜系分析都顯示巨腔棘魚屬於矛尾魚科，並與歐洲的利比斯腔棘魚（英語：Libys）存在姐妹群的近親關係^[5]^[8]^[9]，但同時巨腔棘魚也有莫森氏魚科的部分共有衍徵^[6]。而巨腔棘魚又以不具牙齒的下頜骨，以及密佈細小粒狀突起的喙狀骨（英語：Fish jaw#Lower），而有別於其他的矛尾魚類^[5]。此特徵可能代表巨腔棘魚以吸食的方式攝食，或以浮游生物為食^[6]。由於巨腔棘魚化石所在的地層包含沿岸深海、沿岸淺海至河口的沉積環境，對海水深度與鹽度的適應範圍可能都相當廣；而若墨西哥的化石紀錄屬於巨腔棘魚，從化石分佈推測，巨腔棘魚在白堊紀晚期的西部內陸海道南部至古墨西哥灣一帶海域可能是相當常見的魚類^[5]。

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Schwimmer, D. R.; Stewart, J. D.; Williams, G. D. Giant fossil coelacanths of the Late Cretaceous in the eastern United States. Geology. 1994, 22: 503–506 [2019-05-21]. ISSN 0091-7613. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0503:GFCOTL>2.3.CO;2. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-22）.
^ Harrell, T. L., Jr.; Pérez-Huerta, A.; Phillips, G. Strontium isotope age-dating of fossil shark tooth enameloid from the Upper Cretaceous Strata of Alabama and Mississippi, USA (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 2016, 62: 1–12 [2021-04-16]. ISSN 1095-998X. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.01.011. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-04-16）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Schultze, H.-P.; Fuchs, D.; Giersch, S.; Ifrim, C.; Stinnesbeck, W. Palaeoctopus pelagicus from the Turonian of Mexico reinterpreted as a coelacanth (Sarcopterygian) gular plate. Palaeontology. 2010, 53 (3): 689–694. ISSN 0031-0239. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00943.x.
^ Núñez-Useche, F.; Canet, C.; Barragán, R.; Alfonso, P. Bioevents and redox conditions around the Cenomanian–Turonian anoxic event in Central Mexico. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology: 205–226. [2021-04-16]. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.01.035. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-16）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Dutel, H.; Malsey, J. G.; Schwimmer, D. R.; Janvier, P.; Herbin, M.; Clément, G. The Giant Cretaceous Coelacanth (Actinistia, Sarcopterygii) Megalocoelacanthus dobiei Schwimmer, Stewart & Williams, 1994, and Its Bearing on Latimerioidei Interrelationships. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (11): e49911 [2021-09-24]. ISSN 1932-6203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049911. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-17）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Schwimmer, D. R. Megalocoelacanthus dobiei: morphological, range and ecological descriptions of the youngest fossil marine coelacanth. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2006, 26 (sup003): 122A. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2006.10010069.
^ Molina-Pérez, R.; Larramendi, A. Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Sauropods and Other Sauropodomorphs. (譯) Donaghey, J. Princeton University Press. 2020: 96. ISBN 978-0-691-19069-3.
^ Cavin, L.; Mennecart, B.; Obrist, C.; Costeur, L.; Furrer, H. Heterochronic evolution explains novel body shape in a Triassic coelacanth from Switzerland. Scientific Reports. 2017, 7: 13695. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5651877 . PMID 29057913. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13796-0.
^ Toriño, P. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of coelacanth fishes (Sarcopterygii, Actinistia) with comments on the composition of the Mawsoniidae and Latimeriidae: evaluating old and new methodological challenges and constraints. Historical Biology. 2021,. in press. ISSN 1029-2381. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1867982.

[Schwimmer1994-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Schwimmer, D. R.; Stewart, J. D.; Williams, G. D. Giant fossil coelacanths of the Late Cretaceous in the eastern United States. Geology. 1994, 22: 503–506 [2019-05-21]. ISSN 0091-7613. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0503:GFCOTL>2.3.CO;2. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-22）.

[Harrell2016-2] Harrell, T. L., Jr.; Pérez-Huerta, A.; Phillips, G. Strontium isotope age-dating of fossil shark tooth enameloid from the Upper Cretaceous Strata of Alabama and Mississippi, USA (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 2016, 62: 1–12 [2021-04-16]. ISSN 1095-998X. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.01.011. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-04-16）.

[Schultze2010-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Schultze, H.-P.; Fuchs, D.; Giersch, S.; Ifrim, C.; Stinnesbeck, W. Palaeoctopus pelagicus from the Turonian of Mexico reinterpreted as a coelacanth (Sarcopterygian) gular plate. Palaeontology. 2010, 53 (3): 689–694. ISSN 0031-0239. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00943.x.

[Núñez-Useche2016-4] Núñez-Useche, F.; Canet, C.; Barragán, R.; Alfonso, P. Bioevents and redox conditions around the Cenomanian–Turonian anoxic event in Central Mexico. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology: 205–226. [2021-04-16]. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.01.035. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-16）.

[Dutel2012-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Dutel, H.; Malsey, J. G.; Schwimmer, D. R.; Janvier, P.; Herbin, M.; Clément, G. The Giant Cretaceous Coelacanth (Actinistia, Sarcopterygii) Megalocoelacanthus dobiei Schwimmer, Stewart & Williams, 1994, and Its Bearing on Latimerioidei Interrelationships. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (11): e49911 [2021-09-24]. ISSN 1932-6203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049911. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-17）.

[Schwimmer2006-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Schwimmer, D. R. Megalocoelacanthus dobiei: morphological, range and ecological descriptions of the youngest fossil marine coelacanth. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2006, 26 (sup003): 122A. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2006.10010069.

[Molina-Pérez-7] Molina-Pérez, R.; Larramendi, A. Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Sauropods and Other Sauropodomorphs. (譯) Donaghey, J. Princeton University Press. 2020: 96. ISBN 978-0-691-19069-3.

[Cavin2017-8] Cavin, L.; Mennecart, B.; Obrist, C.; Costeur, L.; Furrer, H. Heterochronic evolution explains novel body shape in a Triassic coelacanth from Switzerland. Scientific Reports. 2017, 7: 13695. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5651877 . PMID 29057913. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13796-0.

[Toriño2021-9] Toriño, P. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of coelacanth fishes (Sarcopterygii, Actinistia) with comments on the composition of the Mawsoniidae and Latimeriidae: evaluating old and new methodological challenges and constraints. Historical Biology. 2021,. in press. ISSN 1029-2381. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1867982.

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