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用戶:王桁霽/沙盒甲

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Resettlement and enforced starvation

As a result of the destruction of food crops, many civilians were forced to leave the hills and surrender to the TNI. Often, when surviving villagers came down to lower-lying regions to surrender, the military would execute them. Those who were not killed outright by TNI troops were sent to receiving centres for vetting, which had been prepared in advance in the vicinity of local TNI bases. In these transit camps, the surrendered civilians were registered and interrogated. Those who were suspected of being members of the resistance were killed.[1]

由於大片莊稼在轟炸中被摧毀，許多山區住民不得不背井離鄉，向印尼軍方投降。他們抵達沿海平原後，通常被立即處決，或被送至印尼軍營附近提前建好的收容中心接受檢查。印尼方面在這些過渡營內登記、審問當地投降者，涉嫌參與抵抗運動者直接處死。[2]

These centres were often constructed of thatch huts with no toilets. Additionally, the Indonesian military barred the Red Cross from distributing humanitarian aid, and no medical care was provided to the detainees. As a result, many of the Timorese – weakened by starvation and surviving on small rations given by their captors – died of malnutrition, cholera, diarrhoea and tuberculosis. By late 1979, between 300,000 and 370,000 Timorese had passed through these camps.[3] After three months, the detainees were resettled in "strategic hamlets" where they were imprisoned and subjected to enforced starvation.[4] Those in the camps were prevented from travelling and cultivating farmland and were subjected to a curfew.[5] The UN truth commission report confirmed the Indonesian military's use of enforced starvation as a weapon to exterminate the East Timorese civilian population, and that large numbers of people were "positively denied access to food and its sources". The report cited testimony from individuals who were denied food and detailed destruction of crops and livestock by Indonesian soldiers.[6] It concluded that this policy of deliberate starvation resulted in the deaths of 84,200 to 183,000 Timorese.[7] One church worker reported five hundred East Timorese dying of starvation every month in one district.[8]

World Vision Indonesia visited East Timor in October 1978 and claimed that 70,000 East Timorese were at risk of starvation.[9] An envoy from the International Committee of the Red Cross reported in 1979 that 80% of one camp's population was malnourished, in a situation that was "as bad as Biafra".[10] The ICRC warned that "tens of thousands" were at risk of starvation.[11] Indonesia announced that it was working through the government-run Indonesian Red Cross to alleviate the crisis, but the NGO Action for World Development charged that organisation with selling donated aid supplies.[8]

  1. ^ CAVR, ch. 7.3, pp. 41–44.
  2. ^ 東帝汶接納、真相與和解委員會 2005a，第7.3章，第149段.
  3. ^ Deborah Mayersen, Annie Pohlman. Genocide and Mass Atrocities in Asia: Legacies and Prevention. Routledge. 2013: 56. 
  4. ^ CAVR, ch. 7, p. 50; Taylor, pp. 88–89; Dunn (1996), pp. 290–291
  5. ^ Taylor (1991), pp. 92–98.
  6. ^ CAVR, ch. 7.3, pp 146–147.
  7. ^ CAVR, ch. 7.3, p. 146.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Kohen and Taylor, pp. 54–56.
  9. ^ CAVR, ch. 7.3, p. 72.
  10. ^ Quoted in Taylor (1991), p. 97.
  11. ^ Taylor (1991), p. 203.
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