關係兩難

關係兩難（英語：Relational dialectics）是一種關於密切人際關係的人際溝通理論，強調相反傾向之間的緊張、鬥爭和相互作用。^[1] 該理論分別由 Leslie Baxter^[2] 和 Barbara Montgomery^[3] 於 1988 年提出，將關係夥伴之間的溝通模式定義為地方性辯證緊張（英語：endemic dialectical tensions）的結果。關係兩難被描述為一個人在經歷需要和/或想要的自相矛盾的慾望時所感受到的緊張。該理論包含四個假設，其中之一是關係不是一維的，而是由高潮和低谷組成，而不是只朝一個方向移動。^[4]第二個假設聲稱變化是關係生活中的一個關鍵因素，換句話說，隨着人們生活的變化，人們的關係也會隨之變化。第三，假設「對立面之間的矛盾或緊張永遠不會消失，也永遠不會停止提供緊張」，這意味着人們將永遠體驗到伴隨矛盾的慾望而來的壓力感。第四個假設是，在處理這些對立的感受時，溝通是必不可少的。關係是在對話中建立的，它們可能很複雜，有異同的對話是必要的。關係溝通理論允許對立的觀點或力量以合理的方式聚集在一起。^[5] 在做決定時，往往會提到相互矛盾的願望和觀點，並導致辯證的緊張關係。^[6] Leslie A. Baxter 和 Barbara M. Montgomery 舉例說明了這些自相矛盾的陳述，這些陳述是由於個人經歷了辯證緊張而產生的，使用了諸如「異性相吸」，但「物以類聚」之類的俗語；以及「兩人為伴，三人為一群」，但「越多越好」。^[7] 這並不意味着這些對立的緊張關係從根本上給這種關係帶來了麻煩。相反，他們只是提出了對兩方之間聯繫的討論。^[8]

關係兩難是對 Mikhail Bakhtin 的觀點的闡述，即生活是一場公開的獨白，人類在關係交流中經歷對立的慾望和需求之間的碰撞。^[9] Baxter 列出了一系列辯證的緊張狀態，稱人們的關係在不斷變化，成功和令人滿意的關係需要不斷的關注。儘管Baxter對關係兩難的描述很透徹，但它並不准確或包羅萬象，因為人們都以不同的方式經歷不同的緊張局勢。

參考文獻

^ Griffin, Emory. "Chapter 12: Relational Dialectics." First Look at Communication Theory. [S.l.]: Mcgraw Hill Higher Educat, 2011. 153–67.
^ Baxter, L. A. (1988). A dialectical perspective of communication strategies in relationship development. In S. Duck. (Ed.) Handbook of personal relationships (pp. 257–273). New York: Wiley.
^ Montgomery, Barbara. (1988). "A Dialectical Analysis of the Tensions, Functions and Strategic Challenges of Communication in Young Adult Friendships,"Communication Yearbook 12, ed. James A. Anderson (Newbury, CA: Sage), 157–189.
^ West, Richard. Introducing Communication Theory. New York: McGraw Hill Education. 2018: e.g. 188–190. ISBN 9781259922138.
^ Littlejohn, S.W., & Foss, K.A. "Chapter 7: The Relationship." Theories of Human Communication. 10th Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2011. 243-246.
^ Cheney, G., Christensen, L. T., Zorn, T. E. and Ganesh, S. (2011) Organizational Communication in an Age of Globalization. (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press), pp 147–151.
^ Baxter, L. A., & Montgomery, B. M. (1996). Relating: Dialogues and dialectics. New York:Guilford.
^ Nasser, Khaled; Dabbous, Yasmine; Baba, Dima. From Strangers To Spouses: Early Relational Dialectics in Arranged Marriages Among Muslim Families in Lebanon. Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 2013, 44 (serial online): 387–406. doi:10.3138/jcfs.44.3.387.
^ Baxter, L. A. (2204). A tale of two voices: relational dialectics theory. The Journal of Family Communication, 4(3&4), 182–192.

外部連結

Social Construction Therapies Network （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[1] Griffin, Emory. "Chapter 12: Relational Dialectics." First Look at Communication Theory. [S.l.]: Mcgraw Hill Higher Educat, 2011. 153–67.

[2] Baxter, L. A. (1988). A dialectical perspective of communication strategies in relationship development. In S. Duck. (Ed.) Handbook of personal relationships (pp. 257–273). New York: Wiley.

[3] Montgomery, Barbara. (1988). "A Dialectical Analysis of the Tensions, Functions and Strategic Challenges of Communication in Young Adult Friendships,"Communication Yearbook 12, ed. James A. Anderson (Newbury, CA: Sage), 157–189.

[4] West, Richard. Introducing Communication Theory. New York: McGraw Hill Education. 2018: e.g. 188–190. ISBN 9781259922138.

[5] Littlejohn, S.W., & Foss, K.A. "Chapter 7: The Relationship." Theories of Human Communication. 10th Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2011. 243-246.

[Cheney-6] Cheney, G., Christensen, L. T., Zorn, T. E. and Ganesh, S. (2011) Organizational Communication in an Age of Globalization. (Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press), pp 147–151.

[Baxter-7] Baxter, L. A., & Montgomery, B. M. (1996). Relating: Dialogues and dialectics. New York:Guilford.

[8] Nasser, Khaled; Dabbous, Yasmine; Baba, Dima. From Strangers To Spouses: Early Relational Dialectics in Arranged Marriages Among Muslim Families in Lebanon. Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 2013, 44 (serial online): 387–406. doi:10.3138/jcfs.44.3.387.

[9] Baxter, L. A. (2204). A tale of two voices: relational dialectics theory. The Journal of Family Communication, 4(3&4), 182–192.

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