科學種族主義

科學種族主義（Scientific racism），又稱生物種族主義（biological racism）是一種偽科學的信念，即有人認為有證據可以支持或證明種族主義（種族歧視）、種族劣根性和種族優越性。^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]在歷史上，科學種族主義曾通過科學界獲得過一定的可信度，但現在已不被科學界所認同。^[2]^[3]把人類劃分為生物學上不同的群體有時被其支持者稱為人種主義（racialism）、種族現實主義（race realism）或種族科學（race science）。現代科學界共識駁斥了該觀點，認為該觀點和現代基因學的研究結果不符。^[5]^:360

參考資料

^ "Ostensibly scientific": cf. Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross (eds.) 2003. The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 7, The Modern Social Sciences Cambridge University Press, p. 293 "Race has long played a powerful popular role in explaining social and cultural traits, often in ostensibly scientific terms"; Adam Kuper, Jessica Kuper (eds.), The Social Science Encyclopedia (1996), "Racism", p. 716: "This [sc. scientific] racism entailed the use of 'scientific techniques', to sanction the belief in European and American racial Superiority"; Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Questions to Sociobiology (1998), "Race, theories of", p. 18: "Its exponents [sc. of scientific racism] tended to equate race with species and claimed that it constituted a scientific explanation of human history"; Terry Jay Ellingson, The myth of the noble savage (2001), 147ff. "In scientific racism, the racism was never very scientific; nor, it could at least be argued, was whatever met the qualifications of actual science ever very racist" (p. 151); Paul A. Erickson, Liam D. Murphy, A History of Anthropological Theory (2008), p. 152: "Scientific racism: Improper or incorrect science that actively or passively supports racism".
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Gould, Stephen Jay. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W W Norton and Co. 1981: 28–29. ISBN 978-0-393-01489-1. Few tragedies can be more extensive than the stunting of life, few injustices deeper than the denial of an opportunity to strive or even to hope, by a limit imposed from without, but falsely identified as lying within.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kurtz, Paul. Can the Sciences Help Us to Make Wise Ethical Judgments?. Skeptical Inquirer. Sep 2004 [1 December 2007]. （原始內容存檔於23 November 2007）. There have been abundant illustrations of pseudoscientific theories-monocausal theories of human behavior that were hailed as "scientific"-that have been applied with disastrous results. Examples: ... Many racists today point to IQ to justify a menial role for blacks in society and their opposition to affirmative action.
^ Kaldis, Byron (編). Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences. SAGE Publications: 779. 2013. ISBN 9781452276045.
^ Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.), How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society (pp. 346-361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26. That this view reflects the consensus among American anthropologists is stated in: Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. February 2017, 162 (2): 318–327. PMC 5299519 . PMID 27874171. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. See also: American Association of Physical Anthropologists. AAPA Statement on Race and Racism. American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 27 March 2019 [19 June 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-25）.

[1] "Ostensibly scientific": cf. Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross (eds.) 2003. The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 7, The Modern Social Sciences Cambridge University Press, p. 293 "Race has long played a powerful popular role in explaining social and cultural traits, often in ostensibly scientific terms"; Adam Kuper, Jessica Kuper (eds.), The Social Science Encyclopedia (1996), "Racism", p. 716: "This [sc. scientific] racism entailed the use of 'scientific techniques', to sanction the belief in European and American racial Superiority"; Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Questions to Sociobiology (1998), "Race, theories of", p. 18: "Its exponents [sc. of scientific racism] tended to equate race with species and claimed that it constituted a scientific explanation of human history"; Terry Jay Ellingson, The myth of the noble savage (2001), 147ff. "In scientific racism, the racism was never very scientific; nor, it could at least be argued, was whatever met the qualifications of actual science ever very racist" (p. 151); Paul A. Erickson, Liam D. Murphy, A History of Anthropological Theory (2008), p. 152: "Scientific racism: Improper or incorrect science that actively or passively supports racism".

[SciRac_Gould-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Gould, Stephen Jay. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W W Norton and Co. 1981: 28–29. ISBN 978-0-393-01489-1. Few tragedies can be more extensive than the stunting of life, few injustices deeper than the denial of an opportunity to strive or even to hope, by a limit imposed from without, but falsely identified as lying within.

[SciRac_CSI-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kurtz, Paul. Can the Sciences Help Us to Make Wise Ethical Judgments?. Skeptical Inquirer. Sep 2004 [1 December 2007]. （原始內容存檔於23 November 2007）. There have been abundant illustrations of pseudoscientific theories-monocausal theories of human behavior that were hailed as "scientific"-that have been applied with disastrous results. Examples: ... Many racists today point to IQ to justify a menial role for blacks in society and their opposition to affirmative action.

[EPSS-4] Kaldis, Byron (編). Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences. SAGE Publications: 779. 2013. ISBN 9781452276045.

[Templeton2016-5] Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.), How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society (pp. 346-361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26. That this view reflects the consensus among American anthropologists is stated in: Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. February 2017, 162 (2): 318–327. PMC 5299519 . PMID 27874171. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. See also: American Association of Physical Anthropologists. AAPA Statement on Race and Racism. American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 27 March 2019 [19 June 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-25）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]