硬左翼
硬左派（英語：hard left或hard-left）是一個出現在澳大利亞英語和英式英語的術語，用於表示左翼政黨或政治團體中最激進的成員，與「軟左派」相對。[1][2]該術語也表示極左翼和主流中左翼之外的左翼政治運動與思想。[3]「硬左派」一詞用以描述世界各地的多個政黨的派系，如英國工黨的左翼[4]和澳大利亞工黨的左翼。[5][6]
澳大利亞
與工黨右派一樣，澳大利亞工黨的左派也分為多個互相競爭的子派系，被稱為"fractions"。這些派系因各州的分支機構以及工會的支持和隸屬關係而分野。在新南威爾斯州，工黨左翼主要分為所謂硬左派和軟左派。硬左派向來專注於工會運動和國際問題，圍繞在弗蘭克·沃克、阿瑟·吉策爾特以及澳大利亞總理安東尼·阿爾巴尼斯等人身邊。[7]軟左派則提出了「更務實」的左翼願景，並利用基層成員進行分支堆疊以獲得權力，圍繞在彼得·鮑德溫和傑克·弗格森身邊。[8]在維多利亞州，「硬左派」一詞在歷史上指的是極左翼的「番茄左翼」派系，其成員包括比爾·哈特利、喬治·克勞福德與瓊·考克斯奇。
英國
在英國，這個詞最早在20世紀80年代的工黨和其他左翼內部的辯論中使用，用於描述托洛茨基主義團體，如戰鬥傾向、《社會主義組織者》以及社會主義行動。[9]在工黨內部，左翼或以「社會主義競選小組」為代表的「硬左派」更傾向於社會主義觀點；而與諸如《論壇》為代表的組織有聯繫的軟左派，則更傾向於更溫和的社會民主主義的觀點。[10][11]
當時，被描述為工黨硬左派的政治家包括托尼·本、德里克·哈頓、肯·利文斯通、[12]丹尼斯·斯金納[13]和埃里克·赫弗。[14]
自當時起，工黨的政治對手和媒體經常使用這個詞，例如，在20世紀90年代的保守黨競選活動中。[15][16]其一直被用於貶低工黨左翼。[4]
另見
參考文獻
- ^ Definition of 'hard left'. Collins English Dictionary. [24 March 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-06）.
- ^ Definition of hard left. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. [24 March 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-25）.
- ^ * John Wilson. Understanding Journalism: A Guide to Issues. Psychology Press. 1996: 203. ISBN 978-0-415-11599-5.
Condemnation by label is a favourite tactic of political antagonism ... Descriptions like 'hard left', 'far left' ... all have extra connotations, political under-meanings to damage the people they describe
- Grant, Moyra. The British media illustrated. Comedia. 1984: 29 [1 November 2015]. ISBN 9780906890516.
Key words and phrases like 'hard left', 'extremist' and 'Soviet style' are explicitly derogatory and dismissive labels which mask a serious lack of information and analysis about the theory and practice of socialism and communism.
- Grant, Moyra. The British media illustrated. Comedia. 1984: 29 [1 November 2015]. ISBN 9780906890516.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Labour's left wing 'can't tolerate dissent', a right-wing Labour MP has claimed. The Independent. 2016-01-05 [2023-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2024-09-07） （英語）.
- ^ Megalogenis, George. Quarterly Essay 40 Trivial Pursuit: Leadership and the End of the Reform Era. Black Inc. 2010-11-16: 6. ISBN 978-1-921866-53-1 （英語）.
- ^ Sartor, Frank. The Fog on the Hill: How NSW Labor Lost Its Way. Melbourne Univ. Publishing. 2011: 328. ISBN 978-0-522-86106-8 （英語）.
- ^ Harris, Tony. Basket Weavers and True Believers: Making and unmaking the Labor Left in Leichhardt Municipality, c.1970–1991. Leftbank Press. 2007-08-10: 192. ISBN 978-0-9803883-5-0 （英語）.
- ^ Harris, Tony. Basket Weavers and True Believers: Making and unmaking the Labor Left in Leichhardt Municipality, c.1970–1991. Leftbank Press. 2007-08-10: 192–198. ISBN 978-0-9803883-5-0 （英語）.
- ^ Eric Shaw. Discipline and Discord in the Labour Party: The Politics of Managerial Control in the Labour Party, 1951–87. Manchester University Press. 1 January 1988: 267. ISBN 978-0-7190-2483-2.
- ^ Crines, Andrew Scott. Michael Foot and the Labour leadership. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. 2011: 161. ISBN 9781443832397.
- ^ What's left of the Labour left?. Total Politics. [6 May 2015]. （原始內容存檔於21 August 2015）. 已忽略未知參數
|df=(幫助) - ^ Hill, Dave. Marxism Against Postmodernism in Educational Theory. Lexington Books. 2002: 188. ISBN 0739103466.
- ^ Andrew Roth. Dennis Skinner. The Guardian. 20 March 2001. Andrew Roth's parliament profiles [2024-10-06]. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-08）.
- ^ Thorpe, Andrew. A History of the British Labour Party 3rd. Palgrave Macmillan. 2008: 228. ISBN 978-1137248152. [失效連結]
- ^ James Curran. Culture Wars: The Media and the British Left. Edinburgh University Press. 29 July 2005: 196, 209.
- ^ Use by BBC: * "Kinnock attacks hard left （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）", BBC World Service. 18 September 1998. <Use by The Guardian:
- Wintour, Patrick. Unite challenges expulsion of alleged Trotskyists from Labour party. The Guardian. 24 October 2015 [24 October 2015]. （原始內容存檔於24 October 2015）.
However, there is concern in the parliamentary party that several hard-left groups such as Left Unity, the Socialist Workers party (SWP), the Socialist party and the AWL are trying to attach themselves to Momentum to gain entry into the party. Party moderates are fearful that Labour's largest affiliated union is too relaxed about opening the party's doors to the hard left.
Use by The Independent:
- Merill, Jamie. "Labour sets 100 staff to root out ineligible supporters as hard-left groups deny infiltrating election to support Jeremy Corbyn （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）" The Independent. 8 August 2015.Use by The Glasgow Herald:
- Turning hard left. The Glasgow Herald. 26 February 1988 [1 November 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-30）.
- Clark, William. Hard left in bid for key SNP group. The Glasgow Herald. 6 December 1985 [1 November 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2024-10-07）.
- Wintour, Patrick. Unite challenges expulsion of alleged Trotskyists from Labour party. The Guardian. 24 October 2015 [24 October 2015]. （原始內容存檔於24 October 2015）.