白環豬籠草
白環豬籠草 | |
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產自婆羅洲巴哥國家公園的白環豬籠草下位籠,其生長於荒原森林和灌木叢中[1] | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 維管束植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 真雙子葉植物 Eudicots |
目: | 石竹目 Caryophyllales |
科: | 豬籠草科 Nepenthaceae |
屬: | 豬籠草屬 Nepenthes |
種: | 白環豬籠草 N. albomarginata
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二名法 | |
Nepenthes albomarginata | |
異名 | |
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白環豬籠草(學名:Nepenthes albomarginata)是婆羅洲、西馬來西亞和蘇門答臘特有的熱帶食蟲植物。[3][4][5]其種加詞「albomarginata」來源於拉丁文「albus」和「marginatus」,意為「白色」和「邊」,指其唇下特有的白色環狀絨毛。[4]
植物學史
1848年,托馬斯·洛布首次採集到了白環豬籠草。一年後,約翰·林德利在《園丁紀事》中正式描述了白環豬籠草。[2][6]
形態特徵
白環豬籠草為藤本植物。莖攀爬至4米的高處,直徑可達5毫米,呈圓柱形。節間距可達15厘米。[7]
白環豬籠草的葉片為革質,呈披針形,可長達25厘米,寬至2厘米。葉尖急尖,葉基漸尖,抱莖。白環豬籠草的葉片無葉柄。縱脈不明顯。籠蔓可長達20厘米。[7]
白環豬籠草下位籠的下三分之一為球形,上部為圓柱形。下位籠的體型較小,僅可高達15厘米,寬至4厘米。腹面具一對可寬達5毫米的籠翼。籠口呈圓形,基部拉長形成一個較短的唇頸。唇為圓柱形,可寬達2毫米,唇齒不明顯。[7]唇內緣部分約為截面表面總長度的34%。[8]唇下有一層密集的白色絨毛,其可能具有引誘白蟻的功能。下位籠球形部分對應的內表面覆蓋着消化腺。籠蓋近圓形,無附屬物。籠蓋基部的後方具一根不分叉的籠蔓尾,可長達3毫米。[7]
白環豬籠草的上位籠為圓柱形至漏斗形。籠翼縮小為一對隆起。其餘部分與下位籠類似。[7]
白環豬籠草的花序為總狀花序,通常雄性花序較長。總花梗可長達25厘米,花序軸可達40厘米。花梗帶1至2朵花,長約30毫米,無苞片。萼片為卵形至橢圓形,可長達4毫米。[7]一項對來自同一副標本(J.H.Adam 2417,採集於婆羅洲海拔0至30米的地區)花粉大小的研究顯示,其120粒花粉的平均直徑為31.8微米(標準誤為0.4,變異係數為6.2%)。[9]
白環豬籠草植株的大部分披被着密集的白色短毛,但在葉片下面的毛被通常較長。[7]
白環豬籠草捕蟲籠的顏色可為綠色、紅色、黑色或具斑點。[3]
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白環豬籠草的下位籠
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白環豬籠草的下位籠
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白環豬籠草的上位籠
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白環豬籠草的上位籠
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白環豬籠草的上位籠
食蟲性
白環豬籠草最特別的是它只捕食白蟻;大部分豬籠草不會對獵物進行選擇。據植物學家馬利斯·A·梅爾巴赫(Marlis A. Merbach)和他同事的所述,白環豬籠草是一種食性專一的食蟲植物。[10][11][12][13]
白環豬籠草具有獨特的形態特徵:在其唇下具一圈白色的絨毛。已捕獲到白蟻的捕蟲籠上的白色環狀絨毛往往已消失。梅爾巴赫說:「有時會接連幾日什麼也沒有發生,接着某個夜晚過後,捕蟲籠內充滿了白蟻,同時唇下的白毛也不見了。」
馬利斯·A·梅爾巴赫為了研究這一現象,將一棵白毛完整的白環豬籠草放在正在尋找食物的白蟻(Hospitalitermes bicolor)附近。[10]當白蟻發現了白環豬籠草的捕蟲籠上的白毛後,便會啃食它。在吃了那些白毛後,不管是工蟻還是兵蟻都陸陸續續的掉入了捕蟲籠內。
一旦它們掉入了捕蟲籠內就再也無法爬出來了。馬利斯·A·梅爾巴赫記錄到的最高記錄是每分鐘有22隻白蟻落入籠內。一個小時過後,白毛全部消失,無白毛的捕蟲籠不能吸引白蟻,也就不再有白蟻落入捕蟲籠。
尚未清楚這些白毛是如何吸引白蟻的。但馬利斯·A·梅爾巴赫在實驗中發現,這些白毛對於白蟻並沒有遠距離的吸引力。他說:「這一切看起來好像都是巧合,那些白蟻經常在離白毛只有不到1厘米的地方卻沒有發現它。」
馬利斯·A·梅爾巴赫還指出,白環豬籠草是唯一一種將自身的一部分作為誘餌引誘獵物的食蟲植物。
生態關係
白環豬籠草存在於婆羅洲、西馬來西亞和蘇門答臘。也存在於尼亞斯島及檳榔嶼等較小型的島嶼。[14][15]其海拔分佈範圍為0至1200米。[3][16]
白環豬籠草的原生地主要為巽他荒原森林,但也可能存在於低海拔山峰的山頂植被中。[7]其陸生於泥炭和石灰石基質中。[7][17]
相關物種
2001年,查爾斯·克拉克對產自蘇門答臘島和西馬來西亞的豬籠草進行了分支系統學分析,共利用了70個形態特徵。以下為豬籠草進化樹的「第6分支」,其相關性達50%。[4]
50% |
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種下類群
- N. albomarginata f. sanguinea Toyoda ex Hinode-Kadan (1985) nom.nud.
- N. albomarginata var. rubra (Hort. ex Macfarl.) Macfarl. (1908)[18]
- N. albomarginata var. tomentella (Miq.) Beck (1895)[19]
- N. albomarginata var. typica Beck (1895)[19]nom.illeg.
- N. albomarginata var. villosa Hook.f. (1873)[20]
自然雜交種
- N. albomarginata × N. ampullaria[7]
- ? N. albomarginata × N. chaniana[21]
- N. albomarginata × N. clipeata[7]
- N. albomarginata × N. eustachya[4]
- N. albomarginata × N. gracilis
- N. albomarginata × N. hirsuta[7]
- N. albomarginata × N. macrovulgaris[21]
- N. albomarginata × N. northiana [=N. × cincta][7][22]
- N. albomarginata × N. rafflesiana[21][23]
- N. albomarginata × N. reinwardtiana [=N. × ferrugineomarginata][7]
- ? N. albomarginata × N. sanguinea[21][24]
- N. albomarginata × N. veitchii[7]
白環豬籠草與諾斯豬籠草的自然雜交種
由於諾斯豬籠草(N. northiana)的分佈局限,僅生長在沙勞越石龍門的石灰岩基質上,所以雪線豬籠草更為罕見。
白環豬籠草在雜交中很強勢,這使得其與諾斯豬籠草雜交後代完全失去了寬大的唇。該雜交種的捕蟲籠為窄漏斗形,籠身為奶油色至暗紫色,並具有紅色或黑色的斑點。[25]
白環豬籠草與兩眼豬籠草的自然雜交種
紅脈豬籠草的分佈範圍涵蓋了婆羅洲和蘇門答臘。1981年,倉田重夫在西加里曼丹省採集到了紅脈豬籠草的模式標本。次年,倉田重夫描述了這個自然雜交種。
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