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帕倫克考古區

維基百科,自由的百科全書
帕倫克的前西班牙城和國家公園
世界遺產
官方名稱Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque(英文)
Ville prehispanique et parc national de Palenque(法文)
位置 墨西哥拉丁美洲和加勒比地區
標準文化:(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)
參考編碼411
登錄年份1987年(第11屆會議
帕倫克遺蹟

帕倫克Palenque西班牙語發音:[pa'leŋke]猶加敦馬雅語Bàakʼ /ɓàːkʼ/,古代名稱:Lakamha(直譯:「大水」)),是7世紀的瑪雅城邦,位於今墨西哥恰帕斯州境內的尤卡坦半島上。帕倫克是瑪雅文明古典時期最重要的城邦之一。而以帕倫克城為首都的城邦則可能稱作「B'aakal」。

至2005年,帕倫克被發掘完畢的區域約為2.5 km² (1 sq mi),但這不足其總體面積的十分之一。絕大多數的結構仍然被雨林所覆蓋。2017年共有920,470次遊客到訪帕倫克[1]

名稱

16世紀西班牙征服墨西哥時,這座城市已經被遺棄。歐洲人對帕倫克的第一次到訪是佩德羅·洛倫佐西班牙語Pedro Lorenzo de la Nada1567年。當時該地區被喬爾人英語Chʼol_people稱作「Otolum」或「堅固的房屋之地」,他們將其翻譯為帕倫克(Palenque,來自於加泰羅尼亞語中「Palenc」一個詞),意思是「防禦工事」。

歷史

早期的帕倫克歷史可以追溯到奧爾梅克文明時期,奧爾梅克文明可能在此建立過一個王朝。瑪雅文明古典時期,帕倫克是瑪雅西部地區一個大邦,已知最早的統治者是K'uk B'alam I,他於公元431年3月11日登上帕倫克的王位。

帕倫克曾於公元599年和公元611年兩次被卡拉克穆爾打敗。公元615年,十二歲的巴加爾登基成為帕倫克國王,巴加爾在位時間長達68年。在巴加爾統治期間,帕倫克從衰弱中恢復過來,走向強大,進而成為瑪雅西部地區政治上的霸主,因此現在歷史學家也把巴加爾稱作「巴加爾大帝」。令巴加爾在今天得以非常著名的另一件事1952年考古學家發現了巴加爾陵墓以及其中巴加爾本人的遺骸,位於一座高高的瑪雅金字塔的地下,本來公認的瑪雅金字塔的用途是神廟,與埃及作為陵墓的金字塔的用途完全不同,1952年的發現使得今天的歷史學家開始重新審視瑪雅金字塔的意義。而巴加爾石棺上的神話圖案中類似於宇宙飛船的圖案也曾經令許多人驚訝不已。(許多人以此為依據相信瑪雅人擁有飛行器,或者是與外星人有着某種聯繫,不過一般嚴肅的歷史學家仍然認為那只是個普通的神話圖案,參見[1]

巴加爾以後,他的兩個兒子坎巴拉姆二世奇塔姆二世英語Kʼinich Kʼan Joy Chitam II相繼繼位,把帕倫克王朝的興盛時期又延續了四十年。巴加爾陵墓本身就是坎巴拉姆二世時修築而成。從巴加爾開始的一百年間,是帕倫克的鼎盛時期,今天帕倫克遺蹟中的主要建築物均於此時候建成。

進入9世紀以後,同古典時期瑪雅文明的其他城邦一樣,帕倫克城市步入古典期崩潰,迅速衰落,並永遠地被遺棄在了叢林之中。

統治者

已知的帕倫克城邦的統治者

坎巴拉姆二世

現代歷史

今天,帕倫克遺蹟已被列入世界文化遺產。

相關條目

參考來源

  1. ^ Estadística de Visitantes. INAH. [2018-03-25]. (原始內容存檔於2012-07-08) (西班牙語). 

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外部連結