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吉茲語

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維基百科，自由的百科全書
吉茲語
格厄茲語
ግዕዝ Gəʿəz
發音國際音標：[ɡɨʕɨz]
母語國家和地區厄立特里亞、埃塞俄比亞
語言滅亡估計在4世紀[1]至10世紀之間[2]。
仍然作為禮拜語言使用[3]。
語系
文字吉茲字母
官方地位
作為官方語言埃塞俄比亞正教會、厄立特里亞正教會（英語：Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church）、埃塞俄比亞禮天主教會[3]及貝塔以色列人[4]的禮拜語言。
語言代碼
ISO 639-2gez
ISO 639-3gez
本條目包含國際音標符號。部分作業系統及瀏覽器需要特殊字母與符號支援才能正確顯示，否則可能顯示為亂碼、問號、空格等其它符號。

吉茲語[5][6]（英語：Geʽez，/ˈɡiːɛz/[7][8]）或格厄茲語[9]（吉茲語：ግዕዝ，Gəʿəz，國際音標：[ɡɨʕɨz][註 1]），又稱古典埃塞俄比亞語，是一種古代的語言，現在只作宗教用途。這種語言在東非洲的非洲之角、埃塞俄比亞高原之上發展。

吉茲語經文

語音學

母音

Geʽez vowels
  前  央 後
閉 /i/ i /ɨ/ ə /u/ u
中 /e/ e /o/ o
次開 /æ ~ ɐ/[a] a
開 /a ~ ɑ/[b] ā
  1. ^ /æ/ in the Amharic liturgical pronunciation,[10] or /ɐ/[11] (as in Tigrinya).
  2. ^ According to Lambdin.[12]


  • ä [æ] < Proto-Semitic *a
  • u [u:] < Proto-Semitic *ū
  • i [i:] < Proto-Semitic *ī
  • a [a:] < Proto-Semitic *ā
  • e [e:] < Proto-Semitic *ay
  • ə [ɨ] < Proto-Semitic *i, *u
  • o [o:] < Proto-Semitic *aw

註解

  1. ^ [ɨ]是閉央不圓唇元音，勿與閉前不圓唇元音[i]混淆。

註釋

  1. ^ Evans De Lacy O'Leary, 2000 "Comparative grammar of the semitic languages". Routledge. P 23.
  2. ^ Gene Gragg 1997. "The Semitic Languages". Taylor & Francis. Robert Hetzron Ed. ISBN 978-0-415-05767-7.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 "No longer in popular use, Ge'ez has always remained the language of the Church", [CHA]
  4. ^ "They read the Bible in Geez" (Leaders and Religion of the Falashas); "after each passage, recited in Geez, the translation is read in Kailina" (Festivals). [PER]. Note the publication date of this source.
  5. ^ 唐作藩. 中国语言文字学大辞典. 中國大百科全書出版社. 2007: 6. ISBN 9787500076803. 
  6. ^ 簡明大英百科全書. 臺灣中華書局. 1988: 56, 625. 
  7. ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
  8. ^ Geez. 牛津英語詞典 (第三版). 牛津大學出版社. 2005-09 （英語）. 
  9. ^ 洪放. 死海古卷. 揭示二千年前聖經真貌（下）. 基督教週報. No. 2487 (香港華人基督教聯會). 2012-04-22 [2020-09-30]. （原始內容存檔於2017-03-20） （中文（繁體））. 
  10. ^ Gragg 1997a，第177頁: "/ä/ is low central front, higher and more forward than /a/, secondarily perhaps also shorter; approximates IPA [æ]."
  11. ^ Lambdin 1978，第3頁: "a [æ, ä]"
  12. ^ Lambdin 1978，第3頁: "ā [a, ɑ]"

參考文獻

  • [BUD] Budge, E. A. Wallis. 1928. A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia, Oosterhout, the Netherlands: Anthropological Publications, 1970.
  • CHA Chain, M. Ethiopia transcribed by: Donahue M. in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume V. Published 1909. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Nihil Obstat, May 1, 1909. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. + John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York
  • [DIR] Diringer, David. 1968. The Alphabet, A Key To The History of Mankind.
  • [KOB] Kobishchanov, Yuri M. 1979. Axum in SomeCollectionOfWritings[來源請求], edited by Joseph W. Michels; translated by: Lorraine T. Kapitanoff. University Park, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania. ISBN 978-0-271-00531-7.
  • MAT Matara Aksumite & Pre-Aksumite City Webpage
  • MUN（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Munro-Hay Stuart. 1991. Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-0106-6.
  • [PAN68] Pankhurst, Richard K.P. 1968.An Economic History of Ethiopia, 1800-1935, Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University Press.
  • PAN03 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Pankhurst, Richard K.P. A Glimpse into 16th. Century Ethiopian History Abba 'Enbaqom, Imam Ahmad Ibn Ibrahim, and the "Conquest of Abyssinia". Addis Tribune. November 14, 2003.
  • PER （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Perruchon, J. D. and Gottheil, Richard. Falashas in The Jewish Encyclopidia. 1901-1906.

延伸閱讀

語法
  • Aläqa Tayyä, Maṣḥafa sawāsəw. Monkullo: Swedish Mission 1896/7 (=1889 according to the Ethiopian calendar).
  • Dillmann, August; Bezold, Carl, Ethiopic Grammar, 2nd edition translated from German by James Crichton, London 1907. ISBN 978-1-59244-145-7 (2003 reprint). (Published in German: ¹1857, ²1899).
  • Kidanä Wäld Kəfle, Maṣḥafa sawāsəw wagəss wamazgaba ḳālāt ḥaddis ("A new grammar and dictionary"), Dire Dawa: Artistik Matämiya Bet 1955/6 (=1948 according to the Ethiopian calendar).
  • Lambdin, Thomas O., Introduction to Classical Ethiopic, Harvard Semitic Studies 24, Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press 1978. ISBN 978-0-89130-263-6.
  • Stefan Weninger, Ge'ez grammar, Munich, ISBN 978-3-929075-04-5 (1st edition), ISBN 978-3-89586-604-3 (2nd revised edition).
  • Gene Gragg Ge`ez Phonology, in: Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Vol 1), ed. A. S. Kaye & P. T. Daniels, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana (1997).
文學
  • Taddesse Adera, Ali Jimale Ahmed (eds.), Silence Is Not Golden: A Critical Anthology of Ethiopian Literature, Red Sea Press (1995), ISBN 978-0-932415-47-9.
  • Jon Bonk, Annotated and Classified Bibliography of English Literature Pertaining to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Atla Bibliography Series, Scarecrow Pr (1984), ISBN 978-0-8108-1710-4.
詞典
  • Dillmann, August, Lexicon linguæ Æthiopicæ cum indice Latino, Lipsiae 1865.
  • Leslau, Wolf, Comparative Dictionary of Geez (Classical Ethiopic): Geez-English, English-Geez, with an Index of the Semitic Roots, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1987. ISBN 978-3-447-02592-8.
  • idem, Concise Dictionary of Ge`ez (Classical Ethiopic), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 1989. ISBN 978-3-447-02873-8.
  • Ludolf, Hiob, Lexicon Aethiopico-Latinum, Ed. by J. M. Wansleben, London 1661.
  • Wemmers, J., Lexicon Aethiopicum, Rome 1638.

參閲

外部連結

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