古網跡
古網跡 化石時期:
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Paleodictyon imperfectum in Oligocene-Miocene sandrock | |
科學分類 | |
生痕屬: | 古網跡 Paleodictyon Meneghini, 1850 |
模式種 | |
Paleodictyon strozzii Meneghini, 1850
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古網跡(學名:Paleodictyon)是一類六邊形(少數有四至八邊形)的網孔狀遺蹟化石,[1]是地理分佈最廣泛、存續時間最長的遺蹟類群之一,它們自寒武紀至現代均有發現,化石遍佈七大洲,現存遺蹟發現於太平洋和大西洋。[2][3][4][5]該遺蹟屬由Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini首次描述於1850年,其造跡生物不明,但有若干種可能的假說。[1]
古網跡最早發現於早寒武世,[5]生活在淺海環境中,後於早奧陶世遷移至深海。[6]早期的古網跡相對簡單,後來逐漸變得規則,垂直出口最早在白堊紀出現。[5]
造跡生物
古網跡最早被認為是藻類、海綿、珊瑚、苔蘚蟲或軟體動物的遺蹟,或認為其起源於魚類的鱗片或兩棲動物,也有學者認為它們與生物無關,而是因為泥裂或海水的波動及氣泡等因素形成的,[1]但對現存遺蹟的研究沒有發現糞粒、介殼或DNA等。[7]
分類
該遺蹟屬包含32個古遺蹟種和2個現存遺蹟種,另有若干物種未定的化石,[1]現存的兩個分別是Paleodictyon nodosum和P. tripatens,[8]其中前者最早作為始新世的化石物種被描述,主要發現於太平洋和大西洋的大洋中脊系附近。[9]部分物種如下:[1]
- 富平古網跡 Paleodictyon fupingensis Yang, 1986
- 陝西古網跡 Paleodictyon shaanxiensis
- 思陶兒茲古網跡 Paleodictyon strozzi Meneghini, 1850
- 規則古網跡 Paleodictyon regulare (Sacco, 1888)
- 微型古網跡 Paleodictyon miocenicum Sacco, 1888
- 微小古網跡 Paleodictyon minimum Sacco, 1888
- 阿里古網跡 Paleodictyon ngariensis Yang et Song, 1985
- 大型古網跡 Paleodictyon majus Meneghini, 1850
- 喀爾巴阡古網跡 Paleodictyon carpathicum Matyaovszky, 1977
- 烏海古網跡 Paleodictyon (Megadictyon) wuhaiensis
- 不完整古網跡 Paleodictyon (Megadictyon) imperfactum Seilacher, 1977
- 擬不完全古網跡 Paleodictyon (Megadictyon) paraimperfactum Yang et Song, 1985
- 趙老峪古網跡 Paleodictyon (Megadictyon) zhaolaoyuensis
- Paleodictyon (Megadictyon) muelleri Kozur et al., 1996
- Paleodictyon gomezi Azpeitia Moros, 1933
- Paleodictyon italcum Vyalov et Golev, 1965
- Paleodictyon tenue Koriba et. Miki, 1939
參考資料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 楊式溥; 張建平; 楊美芳. 中国遗迹化石. 科學出版社. 2004: 179–186.
- ^ Swinbanks, D. D. Paleodictyon: the traces of infaunal xenophyophores?. Science. 1982, 218: 47–49. doi:10.1126/science.218.4567.47.
- ^ Ksiazkiewicz, M. Crimes, T. P.; Harper, J. C. , 編. Observations on the ichnofauna of the Polish Carpathians. Trace Fossils, Geological Journal. 1970, (Special Issue 3): 283–322.
- ^ Ekdale, A. A. Graphoglyptid burrows in modern deep-sea sediment. Science. 1980, 207: 304–306. doi:10.1126/science.207.4428.304.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Buatois, L.; Mangano, M.; Brussa, E.; Benedetto, J.; Pompei, J. The changing face of the deep: colonization of the Early Ordovician deep-sea floor, Puna, northwest Argentina. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2009, 280: 291–299. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.06.014.
- ^ Durden, J. M.; Simon-Lledo, E.; Gooday, A. J.; Jones, D. O. Abundance and morphology of Paleodictyon nodosum, observed at the Clarion-Clipperton Zone. Marine biodiversity. 2017, 47: 265–269.
- ^ Rona, Peter A.; Seilacher, Adolf; de Vargas, Colomban; Gooday, Andrew J.; Bernhard, Joan M.; Bowser, Sam; Vetriani, Costantino; Wirsen, Carl O.; Mullineaux, Lauren; Sherrell, Robert; Frederick Grassle, J. Paleodictyon nodosum: A living fossil on the deep-sea floor. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. September 2009, 56 (19–20): 1700–1712 [2023-09-01]. Bibcode:2009DSRII..56.1700R. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-19) (英語).
- ^ Miguez-Salas, O.; Rodríguez-Tovar, F.J.; Ekdale, A.A. Northernmost (Subarctic) and deepest record of Paleodictyon: paleoecological and biological implications. Sci Rep. 2023, 13: 7181. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34050-w.
- ^ Rona, Peter; Seilacher, Adolf. Paleodictyon nodosum: A living fossil on the deep-sea floor. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 2009, 56 (19–20): 1700–1712. Bibcode:2009DSR....56.1700R. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015.