單倍群O-M175

**單倍群O-M122**
單倍群O-M122
起源時間	約3萬年前
共祖年代	{{{TMRCA}}}
起源地	東亞南部
上游單倍群	單倍群O-M175
對應突變	M122

**單倍群O-M175**
單倍群O-M175
起源時間	①距今36800年 [95% CI 34,300 <-> 39,300]（YFull）; ; ②距今41900年 [95% CI 31,294 <-> 51,202]（Karmin 2015）; ; ③距今44700或38300年
共祖年代	①距今31200年 [95% CI 29,400 <-> 33,100] ybp (YFull); ; ②距今34042 [95% CI 25,228 <-> 41,942]年（Karmin 2015）; ; ③根據突變率為距今35000或30000年
起源地	東亞南部
上游單倍群	NO
下游單倍群	一級：; O1（O-F265）；O2（O-M122）; 二級：; O1a（英語：Haplogroup O-M119 (Y-DNA)）（O-M119）；O1b（英語：haplogroup O-P31 (Y-DNA)）（O-M268）；; O2a （O-M324）；O2b（O-F742）
對應突變	M175（和一些SNP）。

單倍群O（O-M175）是一個人類Y染色體DNA單倍型類群，與單倍群N共同源於單倍群NO，主要分佈於東亞、東南亞、太平洋島嶼、馬達加斯加、中亞、南亞等。

起源

單倍群O源自單位群NO-M214，首次出現於距今約3-4萬年前，首次出現的地點可能是南亞或東亞^[5] ^[6]。

分佈

單倍群O分佈於東亞、東南亞、密克羅尼西亞群島、美拉尼西亞、波利尼西亞、馬達加斯加、中亞、南亞等。由單倍群O分出的兩個下游單倍群分別為O-F265與O-M122。

O-F265單倍群的ISOGG名稱為O1，分O1a(O-M119)與O1b(O-M268)。下游支系如O1a-M119單倍群主要分佈在中國偏東南部、馬來群島偏東北部、美拉尼西亞偏東部島嶼、非洲東南部的馬達加斯加島等地，O1b1a1-PK4主要分佈在中國偏西南部、中南半島、馬來群島偏西南部等地，O1b1a2-Page59主要分佈在中國東部沿海省份與北方，O1b2-P49主要分佈在朝鮮半島、日本列島等地。

O-M122單倍群的ISOGG名稱為O2，分O2a(O-M324)與O2b(O-F742)。下游支系如O2a2a-M188主要分佈在中國偏南部、東南亞等，O2a2a1a1b2b2-MF114497主要分佈在在朝鮮半島、日本列島等地，O2a2a1a2-M7主要分佈在苗瑤語族人群，O2a1b-IMS-JST002611、O2a2b1a1-M117、O2a2b1a2-F114是漢族主要的單倍群之一，也常見於如朝鮮族、滿族、赫哲族、錫伯族、漠南蒙古、土族等東亞民族，M117也常見於藏緬語族人群，例如緬族、彝族與藏族等，F114下游的O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a1b-Y22279在哈薩克族乃蠻部中高頻分佈，O2a2b2-AM01822主要分佈在中國華北偏東部、波利尼西亞、菲律賓等地，O2b-F742主要分佈於中國東部沿海省份等地。

系統樹(O-M175)

以下系統樹主要基於ISOGG於2017年的分類(wer.12.244)：^[7]與Y-DNA Haplogroup O and its Subclades - 2019-2020

O1（F265/M1354）

O1a(舊O1) (M119)
- O1a1 (B384/Z23193)
  - O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1)
    - O1a1a1 (F446)
      - O1a1a1a (F140)
        O1a1a1a1 (F78)
        O1a1a1a1a (F81)
        O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)
        O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (A12439)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (A14788)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (F65)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a4 (MF1068)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1a5 (Z23482)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1b (FGC66168)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (CTS11553)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1c (Y31266)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1c1 (Y31261)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1d (A12441)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a1e (MF1071)
        O1a1a1a1a1a1e1 (MF1074)
        
        O1a1a1a1a1a2 (CTS4585)
        
        O1a1a1a1a2 (MF1075)
        
        O1a1a1a2 (YP4610/Z39229)
        O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386)
        O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387)
        O1a1a1a2a1a (B388)
        
        O1a1a1a2b (SK1555)
      - O1a1a1b (SK1568/Z23420)
        O1a1a1b1 (M101)
        
        O1a1a1b2 (Z23392)
        O1a1a1b2a (Z23442)
        O1a1a1b2a1 (SK1571)
    - O1a1a2 (CTS52)
      - O1a1a2a (CTS701)
        O1a1a2a1 (K644/Z23266)
  - O1a1b (CTS5726)
- O1a2 (M110)
  - O1a2a (F3288)
    - O1a2a1 (B392)
      - O1a2a1a (B393)
- O1a3 (Page109)
O1b(舊O2) (M268)
- O1b1 (F2320)
  - O1b1a (M1470)
    - O1b1a1 (PK4)
      - O1b1a1a(舊O2a) (M95)
        O1b1a1a1 (F1803/M1348)
        O1b1a1a1a (F1252)
        O1b1a1a1a1 (F2924)
        O1b1a1a1a1a (M111)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1 (F2758)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a (Z24083)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (Z24089)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a (F923)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2022)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (F1399)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (F2415)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24131)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (Z24100)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b (SK1627/Z24091)
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (Z39410)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24088)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a2 (F2890)
        O1b1a1a1a1a2a (Z24048)
        O1b1a1a1a1a2a1 (Z24050)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1a2b (Z24014)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1b (CTS5854)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1 (Z23810)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1a (CTS7399)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1a1 (FGC19713/Y14026)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a (Z23849)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a1 (FGC61038)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1b1b (CTS651)
        O1b1a1a1a1b1b1 (CTS9884)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1b2 (F4229)
        
        O1b1a1a1a1b2a (F809)
        O1b1a1a1a1b2a1 (F2517)
        
        O1b1a1a1a2 (SK1630)
        O1b1a1a1a2a (SK1636)
        
        O1b1a1a1b (F789/M1283)
        O1b1a1a1b1 (FGC29900/Y9322/Z23667)
        O1b1a1a1b1a (B426/FGC29896/Y9033/Z23671)
        O1b1a1a1b1a1 (FGC29907/YP3930)
        
        O1b1a1a1b1a2 (B427/Z23680)
        O1b1a1a1b1b (Z39485)
        
        O1b1a1a1b1c (B418)
        
        O1b1a1a1b2 (SK1646)
        
        O1b1a1a2 (CTS350)
        
        O1b1a1a3 (Page103)
      - O1b1a1b (F838)
        O1b1a1b1 (F1199)
    - O1b1a2（舊O2*）(Page59)
      - O1b1a2a (F993)
        O1b1a2a1 (F1759)
        O1b1a2a1a (CTS1127)
      - O1b1a2b (F417/M1654)
        O1b1a2b1 (F840)
        O1b1a2b1a (F1127)
        
        O1b1a2b2 (CTS1451)
      - O1b1a2c (CTS9996)
- O1b2(舊O2b) (P49, M176)
  - - O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
      - O1b2a1a (F1204)
        O1b2a1a1 (CTS713)
        O1b2a1a1a (CTS1875)
        O1b2a1a1a1 (CTS10682)
        
        O1b2a1a1b (Z24598)
        
        O1b2a1a1c (CTS203)
        
        O1b2a1a2 (F2868)
        O1b2a1a2a (L682)
        O1b2a1a2a1 (CTS723)
        O1b2a1a2a1a (CTS7620)
        
        O1b2a1a2a1b (A12446)
        O1b2a1a2a1b1 (PH40)
        
        O1b2a1a2b (F940)
        
        O1b2a1a3 (CTS10687)
        O1b2a1a3a (CTS1215)
      - O1b2a1b (CTS562)
    - O1b2a2 (Page90)

O2（O-M122）

- O-M122 (M122)
  - O2a (M324)
    - O2a1 (L127.1)
      - O2a1a (F1876/Page127)
        O2a1a1 (F2159)
        O2a1a1a (F1867/Page124)
        O2a1a1a1 (F852)
        O2a1a1a1a (F2266)
        O2a1a1a1a1 (L599)
        O2a1a1a1a1a (Z43961)
        O2a1a1a1a1a1 (Z43963)
        
        O2a1a1a1b (F854)
        O2a1a1a1b1 (Z43966)
        
        O2a1a1a1c (Page130)
        
        O2a1a1b (F915)
        O2a1a1b1 (F1478)
        O2a1a1b1a (PF5390)
        O2a1a1b1a1 (CTS1936)
        
        O2a1a1b1a1a (Z43975)
        
        O2a1a1b1a2 (FGC33994)
      - O2a1b (IMS-JST002611, CTS1872, CTS2483, CTS5879, F61, F99, F240, F247, F302, F309, F460, F562)
        O2a1b1 (F18)
        O2a1b1a (F117)
        O2a1b1a1 (F13)
        O2a1b1a1a (F11)
        O2a1b1a1a1 (F632)
        O2a1b1a1a1a (F110/M11115)
        O2a1b1a1a1a1 (F17)
        O2a1b1a1a1a1a (F377)
        O2a1b1a1a1a1a1 (F1095)
        O2a1b1a1a1a1a1a (F856)
        O2a1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (F1418)
        
        O2a1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z25097)
        
        O2a1b1a1a1a1a2 (CTS7501)
        
        O2a1b1a1a1a1b (F793)
        
        O2a1b1a1a1a2 (Y20951)
        O2a1b1a1a1a2a (Y20932)
        
        O2a1b1a1a2 (F38)
        
        O2a1b1a1a3 (F12)
        
        O2a1b1a1a4 (F930)
        O2a1b1a1a4a (F2685)
        
        O2a1b1a1a5 (F1365/M5420/PF1558)
        O2a1b1a1a5a (Y15976)
        O2a1b1a1a5a1 (Y16154)
        O2a1b1a1a5a1a (Y26383)
        O2a1b1a1a5a1a1 (SK1686)
        
        O2a1b1a1a5b (FGC54486)
        O2a1b1a1a5b1 (FGC54507)
        
        O2a1b1a1a6 (CTS12877)
        O2a1b1a1a6a (F2527)
        O2a1b1a1a6a1 (CTS5409)
        
        O2a1b1a1a6a2 (F2941)
        
        O2a1b1a1a7 (F723)
        
        O2a1b1a1a8 (CTS2107)
        
        O2a1b1a1a9 (SK1691)
        
        O2a1b1a1b (PH203)
        
        O2a1b1b (F449)
        O2a1b1b1 (F238)
        O2a1b1b1a (F134)
        O2a1b1b1a1 (F1273)
        
        O2a1b1b1a2 (F724)
        
        O2a1b1b2 (F1266)
        
        O2a1b1c (CTS498)
        
        O2a1b2 (FGC3750/SK1673)
        O2a1b2a（CST879）
        O2a1b2a1（SK1670, SK1672）
        O2a1b2a1a（SK1671）
        O2a1b2a1a1（M164）
        
        O2a1b2a1b（MF9326, MF9328, MF9339）
        
        O2a1b2a2（Z38921, Z38922）
        O2a1b2a2a（Z38920）

- - - O2a2 (IMS-JST021354/P201)
      - O2a2a (M188)
        O2a2a1 (F2588)
        O2a2a1a (CTS445)
        O2a2a1a1 (CTS201)
        O2a2a1a1a (M159/Page96)
        
        O2a2a1a2 (M7)
        O2a2a1a2a (F1276)
        O2a2a1a2a1 (CTS6489)
        O2a2a1a2a1a (F1275)
        O2a2a1a2a1a1 (M113)
        
        O2a2a1a2a1a2 (N5)
        
        O2a2a1a2a1a3 (Z25400)
        
        O2a2a1a2a2 (F1863)
        O2a2a1a2a2a (F1134)
        O2a2a1a2a2a1 (F1262)
        
        O2a2a1a2b (Y26403)
        
        O2a2a1b (F1837)
        
        O2a2a2 (F879)
        O2a2a2a (F1226)
        O2a2a2a1 (F2859)
      - O2a2b (P164)
        O2a2b1 (M134)
        O2a2b1a (F450/M1667)
        O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23)
        O2a2b1a1a (M133)
        O2a2b1a1a1 (F438)
        O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728)
        O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155)
        O2a2b1a1a1a1a (F813/M6539)
        O2a2b1a1a1a1a1 (Y20928)
        
        O2a2b1a1a1a2 (F1754)
        O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137)
        O2a2b1a1a1a2a1 (F1442)
        O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a (F1123)
        O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a1 (F1369)
        
        O2a2b1a1a1a2a2 (A16636)
        
        O2a2b1a1a1a3 (Z25907)
        
        O2a2b1a1a2 (FGC23469/Z25852)
        O2a2b1a1a2a (F310)
        O2a2b1a1a2a1 (F402)
        O2a2b1a1a2a1a (F1531)
        
        O2a2b1a1a3 (CTS7634)
        O2a2b1a1a3a (F317)
        O2a2b1a1a3a1 (F3039)
        
        O2a2b1a1a3a2 (Y29861)
        
        O2a2b1a1a3b (CTS5488)
        
        O2a2b1a1a4 (Z25853)
        O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492)
        O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987)
        O2a2b1a1a4a1a (Z42620)
        
        O2a2b1a1a4a2 ( F20963)
        
        O2a2b1a1a5 (CTS10738/M1707)
        O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678)
        O2a2b1a1a5a1 (Z39663)
        
        O2a2b1a1a5a2 (M1513)
        
        O2a2b1a1a5b (A9457)
        O2a2b1a1a5b1 (F17158)
        
        O2a2b1a1a6 (CTS4658)
        O2a2b1a1a6a (CTS5308)
        
        O2a2b1a1a6b (Z25928)
        O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730/Z25982)
        O2a2b1a1a6b1a (Z26030)
        
        O2a2b1a1a6b1b (Z26010)
        
        O2a2b1a1a6b2 (A9462)
        
        O2a2b1a1a6b3 (B456)
        
        O2a2b1a1a7 (YP4864)
        O2a2b1a1a7a (Z44068)
        O2a2b1a1a7a1 (F5525/SK1748)
        
        O2a2b1a1a7b (Z44071)
        
        O2a2b1a1a8 (Z44091)
        O2a2b1a1a8a (Z44092)
        
        O2a2b1a1b (CTS4960)
        
        O2a2b1a2 (F122)
        O2a2b1a2 (F114/F444)
        O2a2b1a2a (F629)
        O2a2b1a2a1 (F79)
        O2a2b1a2a1a (F46/Y15)
        O2a2b1a2a1a1 (F48)
        O2a2b1a2a1a1a (F152)
        O2a2b1a2a1a1a1 (F2505)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a1b (CTS3149)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a2 (F242)
        O2a2b1a2a1a2a (CTS4266)
        O2a2b1a2a1a2a1 (Z26108)
        O2a2b1a2a1a2a1a (F2173)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a3 (F2887)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3a (F3607)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3a1 (F3525)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b (CTS3763)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b1 (A9472)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2 (FGC16863/Y7110)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a (L1360)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a1 (FGC16889)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b (SK1768/Y7112/Z26257)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1 (F4249)
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1a (FGC23868)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b2 (CTS335)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1b (CTS53)
        O2a2b1a2a1b1 (CTS6373)
        O2a2b1a2a1b1a (A9473)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1c (F3386)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1d (Y29828)
        O2a2b1a2a1d1 (F735)
        O2a2b1a2a1d1a (FGC34973)
        
        O2a2b1a2a1d1b (F1739)
        
        O2a2b1a2b (F743)
        O2a2b1a2b1 (CTS8481)
        O2a2b1a2b1a (CTS4325)
        O2a2b1a2b1a1 (A16629)
        
        O2a2b1a2b1a2 (CTS682)
        
        O2a2b1a2b2 (F748)
        O2a2b1a2b2a (F728)
        
        O2a2b1a2c (Page101)
        
        O2a2b2 (AM01822/F3223)
        O2a2b2a (AM01856/F871)
        O2a2b2a1 (N7)
        O2a2b2a1a (F4110)
        O2a2b2a1a1 (F4068)
        
        O2a2b2a1a2 (SK1780)
        
        O2a2b2a1b (F4124)
        O2a2b2a1b1 (IMS-JST008425p6)
        
        O2a2b2a1b2 (BY15188)
        O2a2b2a1b2a (F16411)
        
        O2a2b2a2 (AM01845/F706)
        O2a2b2a2a (F717)
        O2a2b2a2a1 (F3612)
        
        O2a2b2a2a2 (SK1783)
        
        O2a2b2a2b (AM01847/B451)
        O2a2b2a2b1 (A17418)
        
        O2a2b2a2b2 (AM01756)
        O2a2b2a2b2a (B450)
        
        O2a2b2a2b2b (AM00472/B452)
        O2a2b2a2b2b1 (F18942)
        
        O2a2b2a2b2c (A16427)
        
        O2a2b2b (A16433)
        O2a2b2b1 (A16438)
        O2a2b2b1a (SK1775)
        O2a2b2b1a1 (SK1774)
        
        O2a2b2b1b (A16440)
    - O2a3 (M300)
    - O2a4 (M333)
  - O2b (F742)
    - O2b1 (F1150)
      - O2b1a (F837)
        O2b1a1 (F1025)
    - O2b2 (F1055)
      - O2b2a (F3021)

人類Y染色體DNA單倍型類群進化樹

Y染色體最近共同祖先

A

A1b

A1a-T

A1a

A2-T

A2

A3

BT

B

CT

DE

CF

D

E

C

F

G

H

IJK

IJ

K

I

J

LT

K(xLT)

L

T

M

NO

P

S

O

N

Q

R

各族群Y染色體單倍型類群 · 著名的Y染色體單倍型類群人

註釋

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 YFull Haplogroup YTree （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） v5.04 at 16 May 2017
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Wilson Sayres MA, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Research. April 2015, 25 (4): 459–66. PMC 4381518 . PMID 25770088. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, Willems TF, Massaia A, Wilson Sayres MA, et al. Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences. Nature Genetics. June 2016, 48 (6): 593–9. PMC 4884158 . PMID 27111036. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.
^ ISOGG 2017
^ Scheinfeldt 2006
^ Shi Yan, Chuan-Chao Wang, Hong-Xiang Zheng et al. (2013), "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Are Descendants of Three Neolithic Super-grandfathers." E-print at arXiv:1310.3897 [q-bio.PE].
^ (Karafet 2017)
^ (Shi 2009)
^ (GenographicProject 2005)
^ (Krahn and FTDNA 2013)

參考文獻

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van Driem, George. Rice and the Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien Homelands (PDF). In N. J. Enfield, ed. Dynamics of Human Diversity, 361-390 (Canberra: Pacific Linguistics). 2011 [2017-04-07]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2021-07-13）.
Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim. Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 15 (1): 121–6. PMC 2588664 . PMID 17047675. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726.
Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2009, 9 (1): 154. PMC 2720951 . PMID 19573232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154.
Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Genome Research. 2008, 18 (5): 830–8 [2017-04-07]. PMC 2336805 . PMID 18385274. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. （原始內容存檔於2008-06-07）.
Kayser, M.; Choi, Y.; Van Oven, M.; Mona, S.; Brauer, S.; Trent, R. J.; Suarkia, D.; Schiefenhovel, W.; Stoneking, M. The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2008, 25 (7): 1362–74. PMID 18390477. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078.
Kim, SH; Kim, Ki-Cheol; Shin, Dong-Jik; Jin, Han-Jun; Kwak, Kyoung-Don; Han, Myun-Soo; Song, Joon-Myong; Kim, Won; Kim, Wook. High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea. Investigative Genetics. 2011, 2 (10): 10 [2017-04-07]. PMC 3087676 . PMID 21463511. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）.
Ratliff, Martha. Ho Ne (She) is Hmongic: One final argument (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 21.2:97-109. 1998 [2017-04-07]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2021-12-16）.
Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Baldovič, Marian; Kayser, Manfred; Kutuev, Ildus A; Khusainova, Rita; Bermisheva, Marina A; Gubina, Marina; et al. A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 15 (2): 204–11. PMID 17149388. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748.
Scheinfeldt, L.; Friedlaender, F; Friedlaender, J; Latham, K; Koki, G; Karafet, T; Hammer, M; Lorenz, J. Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2006, 23 (8): 1628–41. PMID 16754639. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028.
Shi, Hong; Dong, Yong-li; Wen, Bo; Xiao, Chun-Jie; Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Pei-Dong; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li; Su, Bing. Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, 77 (3): 408–19. PMC 1226206 . PMID 16080116. doi:10.1086/444436.
Su, B.; Jin, Li; Underhill, Peter; Martinson, Jeremy; Saha, Nilmani; McGarvey, Stephen T.; Shriver, Mark D.; Chu, Jiayou; et al. Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2000, 97 (15): 8225–8228. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.8225S. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.15.8225.
Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldasheva, N.; Ruzibakiev, R.; Underhill, P. A.; Evseeva, I.; Blue-Smith, J.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; et al. The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. August 2001, 98 (18): 10244–9. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. PMC 56946 . PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098.
Wen, W; Hong, S; Ling, R; Huifeng, X; Kaiyuan, L; Wenyi, Z; Bing, S; Shiheng, S; et al. The origin of Mosuo people as revealed by mtDNA and Y chromosome variation. Science China Life Sciences. 2004, 47 (1): 1–10. PMID 15382670. doi:10.1360/02yc0207.
Xue, Y.; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S; et al. Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times. Genetics. 2005, 172 (4): 2431–9. PMC 1456369 . PMID 16489223. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270.
Bradshaw Foundation. Journey of Man - The Peopling of the World. [2017-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-24）.
ISOGG. Y-DNA Haplogroup O and its Subclades - 2012. 2012 [2017-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-20）.
TMC. Genetic Findings Support 'Out of Africa' Theory. 1998 [2017-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於2009-10-10）.

[YFull-1] 1.0 ^1.1 YFull Haplogroup YTree （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） v5.04 at 16 May 2017

[Karmin2015-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Wilson Sayres MA, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Research. April 2015, 25 (4): 459–66. PMC 4381518 . PMID 25770088. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114.

[Poznik2016-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, Willems TF, Massaia A, Wilson Sayres MA, et al. Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences. Nature Genetics. June 2016, 48 (6): 593–9. PMC 4884158 . PMID 27111036. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.

[isogg2017-4] ISOGG 2017

[5] Scheinfeldt 2006

[Yan2013-6] Shi Yan, Chuan-Chao Wang, Hong-Xiang Zheng et al. (2013), "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Are Descendants of Three Neolithic Super-grandfathers." E-print at arXiv:1310.3897 [q-bio.PE].

[7] (Karafet 2017)

[8] (Shi 2009)

[9] (GenographicProject 2005)

[10] (Krahn and FTDNA 2013)

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