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Monmouthshire
威爾斯語：Sir Fynwy

Flag adopted in 2011
Monmouthshire shown within the United Kingdom
Monmouthshire shown within England and Wales
Monmouthshire shown within Wales

面積
 • 1831324,310英畝（1,312.4平方公里）
 • 1901345,048英畝（1,396.36平方公里）[1]
 • 1961339,088英畝（1,372.24平方公里）[1]
 • 2011346,735英畝（1,403.19平方公里）
人口
 • 183198,130[2]
 • 1901230,806[1]
 • 1961444,679[1]
 • 2011503,917[3]
密度
 • 18310.3/acre
 • 19010.7/acre
 • 19611.3/acre
 • 20111.45/acre
地位Historic county
Ceremonial county (until 1974)
Administrative county (1889–1974)
Chapman codeMON
政府Monmouthshire County Council (1889–1974)
Newport County Borough Council (1891–1974)
Cardiff County Borough Council (part) (1938–1974)
 • 行政中心Monmouth and Newport
 • 座右銘Faithful to both (Utrique Fidelis)
Arms of Monmouthshire County Council
Coat of arms of Monmouthshire County Council

歷史上的蒙茅斯郡（英語：Monmouthshire /ˈmɒnməθʃər, -ʃɪər/；或作 County of Monmouth /ˈmɒnməθ/；威爾斯語：Sir Fynwy）為威爾斯十三個歷史郡之一，亦為威爾斯一前行政郡。其疆域大約爲現威爾斯主要地區當中的蒙茅斯郡、布萊耐格溫特、新港及托法恩，亦包括卡菲利及卡迪夫位處拉姆尼河（英語：Rhymney River）東岸的土地。

is one of thirteen historic counties of Wales and a former administrative county. It corresponds approximately to the present principal areas of Monmouthshire, Blaenau Gwent, Newport and Torfaen, and those parts of Caerphilly and Cardiff east of the Rhymney River.

蒙茅斯東部主要為耕地、西部峽谷則擁有大量礦產資源。因此蒙茅斯在十八世紀至二十世紀後期高度工業化，經濟以煤炭開採及冶鐵業為主。郡內主要城鎮為新港、昆布蘭、龐蒂浦、埃布韋爾（英語：Ebbw Vale）及亞伯格芬尼。

十六至二十世紀間蒙茅斯郡的地位並不明確，部分法律條文將其歸入英格蘭境內。1972年的《地方政府法令》確認蒙茅斯郡歸屬威爾斯，但亦同時將蒙茅斯郡廢除，大部分併入新設立的格溫特郡。

The eastern part of the county is mainly agricultural, while the western valleys had rich mineral resources. This led to the area becoming highly industrialised with coal mining and iron working being major employers from the 18th century to the late 20th century. The five largest towns are Newport, Cwmbran, Pontypool, Ebbw Vale and Abergavenny.

Monmouthshire's Welsh status was ambiguous between the 16th and 20th centuries, with it considered by some to be part of England during this time; its legal inclusion in Wales was clarified by the Local Government Act 1972, the same act that changed the structure of local government within the county.

歷史

設立

蒙茅斯郡是根據《1535年威爾斯法律法令》從原有的威爾斯邊區設立。法令亦將蒙茅斯定爲郡治，並要求郡督在蒙茅斯及新港輪流召開郡法庭。[4]

The "county or shire of Monmouth" was formed from parts of the Welsh Marches by the Laws in Wales Act 1535. According to the Act the shire consisted of all Honours, Lordships, Castles, Manors, Lands, Tenements and Hereditaments, lying or being within the Compass or Precinct of the following Lordships, Townships, Parishes, Commotes and Cantrefs... in the Country of Wales:

Monmouth • Chepstow • Matherne (Mathern) • Llanvihangel (Llanfihangel Rogiet) • Magour (Magor) • Goldcliffe (Goldcliff) • Newport • Wentlooge • Llanwerne (Llanwern) • Caerlion (Caerleon) • Usk • Treleck (Trellech) • Tintern • Skenfrith • Grosmont • Witecastle (White Castle) • Raglan • Calicote (Caldicot) • Biston (Bishton) • Abergavenny • Penrose (Penrhos) • Grenefield (Maesglas) • Maghen (Machen) • Hochuyslade (possessions of Llanthony Priory)[5]

The Act also designated Monmouth as the "Head and Shire town of the said county or shire of Monmouth", and ordered that the Sheriff's county or shire court be held alternately in Monmouth and Newport.[4]

邊界及行政區劃

Map of the hundreds of Monmouthshire by Thomas Moule, c. 1831

蒙茅斯郡東面隔威河與告羅士打郡相望，西隔拉姆尼河（英語：Rhymney River）與格拉摩根相望，南面為布里斯托灣。其北邊與禧福郡及布雷克諾克郡的邊界則無山脈河川作爲憑藉。蒙茅斯郡原有一堂區威爾斯比克諾（英語：Welsh Bicknor）為飛地，位處告羅士打郡及禧福郡之間，但在《1844年郡（飛地）法令》（英語：Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844）中被劃入禧福郡。[6]

蒙茅斯郡在1542年被劃分成六個百區（英語：Hundred (county division)）：阿伯加文尼、卡爾迪科特（英語：Caldicot, Monmouthshire）、拉格蘭（英語：Raglan, Monmouthshire）、阿斯克、文特洛（英語：Wentlooge）及斯肯弗里斯（英語：Skenfrith）。郡內有三個自治市鎮：蒙茅斯、新港、阿斯克。[7]

The county boundaries are the River Wye on the east, dividing it from Gloucestershire and the Rhymney River to the west dividing it from Glamorganshire, with the Bristol Channel to the south. The boundaries with Herefordshire to the northeast and Brecknockshire to the north were less well-defined. The parish of Welsh Bicknor, was an exclave of Monmouthshire, sandwiched between Gloucestershire and Herefordshire. The area was considered part of Monmouthshire until it was made part of Herefordshire "for all purposes" by the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844, while the Herefordshire hamlet of Fwthog (or Ffwddog) adjoining the Honddu Valley remained an exclave within Monmouthshire until 1891.[6]

The county was divided into six hundreds in 1542: Abergavenny, Caldicot, Raglan, Skenfrith, Usk and Wentloog.

The county contained the three boroughs of Monmouth, Newport and Usk.[7]

市鎮改革

1835年蒙茅斯和新港由原本的舊自治市鎮改制爲擁有市議會選舉權的市自治市鎮。阿斯克直至1886年被撤前一直保留原有建制。1848年公共衛生法令及1858年地方政府法令在城鎮地區確立地方管理委員會以統籌衛生等事務，鄉郊地區則要到1875年公共衛生法令通過後才設立鄉郊衛生區。

Monmouth and Newport were reformed as municipal boroughs with elected town councils by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. Usk continued as an unreformed borough until its final abolition in 1886.

New forms of local government were established in the urban areas of the county with the setting of local boards under the Public Health Act 1848 and Local Government Act 1858. The Public Health Act 1875 divided the rural areas into rural sanitary districts.

1889年英國政府依照1888年通過的《地方政府法令》在蒙茅斯郡成立擁有郡議會的行政郡。該行政郡與歷史郡的邊界相似，但亦包括南布雷克諾克郡的博福特（Beaufort）及拉索（Rassau）等地區在內。與歷史郡相反，行政郡議會位處新港，而非蒙茅斯。儘管1891年新港獲得郡自治市鎮的地位而脫離蒙茅斯郡，蒙茅斯郡議會並未因此搬至其他城鎮。1894年的《地方政府法令》基於原有的衛生分區將行政郡分成城鎮及鄉郊地區：

市自治市鎮 蒙茅斯
城鎮地區 阿伯卡恩（英語：Abercarn）、阿伯加文尼、阿伯西肯（英語：Abersychan）、阿伯蒂萊里（英語：Abertillery）、貝德威蒂（英語：Bedwellty）、布萊納文、卡利恩（英語：Caerleon）、切普斯托、埃布韋爾（英語：Ebbw Vale）、上蘭弗赫法（Llanfrechfa Upper）、蘭塔納（Llantarnam）、南提格勞及布萊納（Nantyglo and Blaina）、潘泰格（Panteg）、龐蒂浦、拉姆尼（英語：Rhymney）、里斯卡（英語：Risca）、特雷迪加、阿斯克
鄉郊地區 阿伯加文尼、切普斯托、麥戈爾（Magor）、蒙茅斯、龐蒂浦、聖梅隆斯（英語：St Mellons）
The Shire Hall, Newport

An administrative county of Monmouthshire, governed by an elected county council, was formed in 1889 under the terms of the Local Government Act 1888. The administrative county had similar boundaries, but included the Beaufort, Dukestown, Llechryd and Rassau areas of south Breconshire. The county council was based in Newport, rather than the historic county town of Monmouth. In 1891 the borough of Newport achieved county borough status and therefore left the administrative county, although the administration of the county council continued to be based at Shire Hall, Newport. In the same year the parish of Fwthog was transferred to both the administrative and geographic county of Monmouthshire.

Under the Local Government Act 1894, the administrative county was divided into urban and rural districts, based on existing sanitary districts.

Municipal boroughs Monmouth
Urban districts Abercarn • Abergavenny • Abersychan • Abertillery • Bedwellty • Blaenavon • Caerleon • Chepstow • Ebbw Vale • Llanfrechfa Upper • Llantarnam • Nantyglo and Blaina • Panteg • Pontypool • Rhymney • Risca • Tredegar • Usk
Rural districts Abergavenny • Chepstow • Magor • Monmouth • Pontypool • St Mellons
1946 OS map showing Monmouthshire/Glamorgan and England/Wales border running along the Rhymney River

阿伯加文尼於1899年改制爲市自治市鎮，而郡內亦在1903年加設Mynyddislwyn區及在1912年加設貝德瓦斯與馬亨區（Bedwas and Machen）等兩個城鎮地區。1935年的蒙茅斯郡審查命令對郡內地區邊界作出調整，上蘭弗赫法區及蘭塔納區合併成新設之昆布蘭城鎮地區，阿伯西肯區及潘泰格區併入龐蒂浦城鎮地區，而麥戈爾區及聖梅隆斯區則併為新設之麥戈爾及聖梅隆斯鄉郊地區。

在1974年蒙茅斯郡被裁撤前的最後邊界改動為1938年拉姆尼（Rumney）堂區併入卡迪夫郡自治市鎮。


In 1899 Abergavenny was incorporated as a borough. Two further urban districts were formed: Mynyddislwyn in 1903, and Bedwas and Machen in 1912. The County of Monmouth Review Order 1935 revised the number and boundaries of the urban and rural districts in the administrative county. A new Cwmbran urban district was formed by the abolition of Llanfrechfa Upper and Llantarnam UDs, Abersychan and Panteg UDs were absorbed by Pontypool urban district, and Magor and St Mellons RD was formed by a merger of two rural districts.

The last major boundary change to affect the administrative county came in 1938 when the Monmouthshire parish of Rumney was incorporated into the city and county borough of Cardiff. However, the geographical Monmouthshire/Glamorgan and England/Wales border remained the Rhymney River.

地區政府改革及後續歷史

1974年英國政府依照1972年通過的《地方政府法令》將蒙茅斯行政郡與新港郡自治市鎮裁撤，改由格溫特郡取代。新設郡之邊界與原蒙茅斯郡邊界相似，只是部分位處邊界的堂區併入中格拉摩根郡的拉姆尼谷區（Rhymney Valley district）以及南格拉摩根郡的卡迪夫區。

《1994年（威爾斯）地方政府法令》再次對地區政府做出改革，於1996年將格溫特郡裁撤，改以數個主要地區（principal areas）取代：

The administrative county of Monmouth and county borough of Newport were abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The successor authority, with minor boundary changes, was titled Gwent. Some border parishes became part of the new Rhymney Valley district of Mid Glamorgan or the Cardiff district of South Glamorgan.

Gwent was itself abolished in 1996 under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 and was replaced by:

The largest five towns are Newport, Cwmbran, Pontypool, Ebbw Vale and Abergavenny.[8]

歷史地位

背景

蒙茅斯郡在5至10世紀之間一直由威爾斯的格溫特王國（英語：Kingdom of Gwent）所統治。當地在10世紀中期併入摩根努格王國（英語：Kingdom of Morgannwg），及後亦為盧埃林·阿頗·格魯菲德治下威爾斯王國的一部分。切普斯托及蒙茅斯一帶在1086年的末日審判書中被視作為格洛斯特郡及赫特福德郡的一部分。這些地方，包括現蒙茅斯郡所轄之範圍，一直由英格蘭國王任命的邊境領主（英語：Marcher lord）所統治，但並不使用英格蘭法律。儘管英格蘭王國已在1284年的羅德蘭法規（英語：Statute of Rhuddlan）中吞併威爾斯公國（英語：Principality of Wales），但邊境領主之統治並未因而受到影響。[9]11世紀至16世紀間現蒙茅斯郡範圍一直由六個邊區所管轄——阿伯加文尼、卡利恩、切普斯托、文特洛、蒙茅斯及阿斯克。[10]

Between about the 5th and 10th centuries the Welsh Kingdom of Gwent covered a variable area roughly contiguous with Monmouthshire. It then became part of Morgannwg, and was part of the unified Welsh realm of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. At the time of the Domesday Survey in 1086 the Chepstow and Monmouth areas were, for accounting purposes, reckoned as parts of the English counties of Gloucestershire and Herefordshire respectively. These areas, along with the rest of what would later become Monmouthshire, included land from Pembrokeshire to Monmouthshire which was largely in the hands of the Marcher Lords; this land, however, was not subject to English law. While the Principality of Wales (the northern part of Wales) was 'annexed' into the Kingdom of England by the Statute of Rhuddlan, enacted on 3 March 1284, the administration of the Marcher lands remained unchanged.[9] From the 11th until the 16th centuries, the area which later became Monmouthshire (subject to some boundary revisions) comprised six Marcher lordships – Abergavenny, Caerleon, Chepstow (or Striguil), Gwynllwg (Wentloog), Monmouth and Usk.[11] Up until the Acts of Union[需要解釋], the land which is today called Monmouthshire was undisputedly in Wales.[10]

十六至十九世紀

1535年的《威爾斯法律法令》（英語：Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542）將英格蘭的法律制度引進威爾斯境內，並同時廢除邊區制度，將其領地部分併入英格蘭或威爾斯各郡，部分則成立新郡治理。蒙茅斯郡為其中之一。儘管1535年的法令列明蒙茅斯郡為威爾斯一部分，1542年的《威爾斯法律法令》在表列威爾斯各郡時只列出12個郡，略去蒙茅斯郡。蒙茅斯郡亦歸由英格蘭法庭管轄

The Laws in Wales Act 1535 integrated Wales directly into the English legal system and the "Lordships Marchers within the said Country or Dominion of Wales" were allocated to existing and new shires. Some lordships were annexed to existing counties in England and some were annexed to existing counties in Wales, with the remainder being divided up into new counties, one of which was Monmouthshire.

Although the original Act of 1535 specifically includes Monmouthshire as being in the "Country or Dominion of Wales", the Laws in Wales Act 1542 enumerates the Welsh counties as twelve in number, omitting Monmouthshire from the count. Monmouthshire was made directly responsible to the courts of Westminster rather than falling under the Court of Great Sessions in Wales. According to historian John Davies, this arrangement was the origin of the belief that the county had been annexed by England rather than remaining part of Wales. Davies disagrees, and says, "Monmouthshire was no less Welsh in language and sentiment than any other eastern county".[11] Moreover the belief that Monmouthshire was somehow specially annexed to England is not consistent with the wording in the Act "That his said Country or Dominion of Wales shall be, stand and continue for ever from henceforth incorporated, united and annexed to and with this his Realm of England", making it clear that the whole of Wales was being "annexed" to England, not just Monmouthshire.

Despite Monmouthshire being a new county, it was given two Knights of the Shire in common with existing counties in England, rather than one as in the counties in Wales. The relevant section of the Act states that "one Knight shall be chosen and elected to the same Parliaments for every of the Shires of Brecknock, Radnor, Montgomery and Denbigh, and for every other Shire within the said Country of Dominion of Wales". However, it was given only one Borough member, like the other Welsh counties (apart from Pembrokeshire which had two Borough members and Merioneth which had none). In ecclesiastical terms, most of the county outside the town of Monmouth itself remained within the Diocese of Llandaff; the town of Monmouth was in the diocese of Hereford, while the parishes of Cwmyoy and Llanthony were in the diocese of St David's.[12] In 1549 Edward VI granted a Charter to Monmouth which was described as being "in the Marches of Wales". Later writers who described Monmouthshire as being in Wales included Humphrey Llwyd (History of Cambria, 1568); Thomas Churchyard (Worthiness of Wales, 1587); and Michael Drayton (Poly-Olbion, 1613).[13]

In the late 17th century, under Charles II, Monmouthshire was added to the Oxford circuit of the English Assizes following which, according to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, it gradually "came to be regarded as an English county".[12] The Modern Universal British Traveller of 1779 stated: "Monmouthshire was formerly a part of Wales, and continued so till the reign of Charles II, when it was reckoned an English county (as it has been ever since) because the judges then began to keep the assizes here in the Oxford circuit."[14] A later traveller, George Borrow in 1862, wrote: "Monmouthshire is at present considered an English county, though certainly with little reason, for it not only stands on the western side of the Wye, but the names of almost all its parishes are Welsh, and many thousands of its population still speak the Welsh language."[15]

Although Wales was legally integrated into England, the word "England" was still taken to exclude Wales in many contexts. The Wales and Berwick Act 1746 ensured that "in all Cases where the Kingdom of England, or that Part of Great Britain called England, hath been or shall be mentioned in any Act of Parliament, the same has been and shall from henceforth be deemed and taken to comprehend and include the Dominion of Wales and Town of Berwick upon Tweed".

The eastern part of the county is mainly agricultural, while the western valleys had rich mineral resources. This led to the area becoming highly industrialised with coal mining and iron working being major employers from the 18th century[16] to the late 20th century.

"Wales and Monmouthshire"

Joan Blaeu's map of Wales in 1645, which includes Monmouthshire

The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica unambiguously described the county as part of England, but notes that "whenever an act [...] is intended to apply to [Wales] alone, then Wales is always coupled with Monmouthshire". However, most Acts of Parliament listed Monmouthshire as part of England; for example, the Local Government Act 1933 listed both the administrative county of Monmouth and county borough of Newport as part of England. In the rare event that an Act of Parliament was restricted to Wales, Monmouthshire was usually included, in the format "Wales and Monmouthshire"; for example, although the Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881 did not apply to Monmouthshire, the creation of the Welsh Office in 1965 and the Welsh Language Act 1967 did (although the latter had the paradoxical effect of reinforcing the legal connection of Monmouthshire with England: see next section). The Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889 also applied to Monmouthshire.[來源請求] The Sunday Closing Act was also extended to Monmouthshire in 1915 under wartime legislation. In considering the Sunday Closing Act in 1921, Monmouthshire County Council resolved, with only one vote against, to request that the county should be included in Wales for all legislative purposes.[17] Another typical example was the division of England and Wales into registration areas in the 19th century — one of which, the "Welsh Division", was defined as including "Monmouthshire, South Wales and North Wales".

According to Chris Williams of Cardiff University:[18]

"...The problem with Monmouthshire is that it was located not on, strictly speaking, a national frontier, but within a single political formation. This had been the case since the Acts of Union of 1536 and 1543 which had extended the English system of justice, government and parliamentary representation to the principality of Wales and the March. From the mid-sixteenth century to the early nineteenth century it had not been a matter of very much importance as to whether an England/Wales border could be identified and, if so, where it ran in respect of Monmouthshire. That situation changed in the nineteenth century, as the particular cultural, linguistic and political characteristics of Welsh society emerged as both a problem (for the British state) and as a cause (particularly among Welsh Liberals and nonconformists). Once specific policies (be they considered corrective or emancipating) began to be designed for application to Wales, then the question of Monmouthshire's placement became important."

It has been suggested that the question of the status of Monmouthshire arose in earnest in the 19th century, when some of the local gentry such as the Dukes of Beaufort established family seats in England, and many industrialists and others moved into Monmouthshire, particularly in the eastern part of the county. Some of these, and others with "social aspirations", considered it essential to emphasise their "Englishness", and there were attempts to refine the notion that anomalies in the 16th-century legislation had made the county non-Welsh. The distinction implied in the description "Wales and Monmouthshire" was nurtured by elements of the establishment, and became increasingly accepted on the English side of the border and in central government, until the local Welsh residents more fully asserted themselves in the 20th century.[19]

Twentieth-century debate

The West of England Tavern in Newport

Following the Welsh Church Act 1914, the Church in Wales was set up in 1920, containing within it the Diocese of Llandaff which included almost all of Monmouthshire. The new Diocese of Monmouth was formed in 1921. In Anglican terms, the area thus came to be treated as part of Wales.

The question of Monmouthshire's status continued to be a matter of discussion, especially as Welsh nationalism and devolution climbed the political agenda in the 20th century. This sometimes led to heated debates in Parliament. In 1921 the Earl of Plymouth objected strongly to the inclusion of the county in legislation forcing the closing of public houses in Wales on Sundays. "I stand as strongly as I can for the privileges of Monmouthshire, to say it is a county of England." He went on to complain that Welsh representatives were imposing the ban "against the will of the people of Monmouthshire".[20] The extension of the legislation to Monmouthshire was confirmed by Parliament despite a petition of over 77,000 names against Sunday closing.[21]

In 1937, the Lord Lieutenant of Monmouthshire, Sir Henry Mather Jackson, stated: "Monmouthshire is not in Wales... We are in England, and I am not going to be added to Wales for any purpose whatsoever".[21] During a debate on the Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Bill in 1938, Lord Raglan objected to the stipulation that the chairman of the Monmouthshire quarter sessions should be a Welsh-speaker. Raglan stated that "The County of Monmouth is an English county. I do not think that will be disputed.." and he claimed that Welsh Nationalists had attempted to convince the Lord Chief Justice to move Monmouthshire from the Oxford Circuit to the South Wales Circuit, thereby making it part of Wales in matters of court administration. He alleged that these "persons unconnected with Monmouthshire" had claimed incorrectly that the inhabitants of the county "spoke nothing but Welsh".[22]

In 1948, Monmouthshire County Council was granted a coat of arms with the motto Utrique fidelis ("Faithful to both"), to reflect the dual loyalties of the area.[21] Increasingly in legislation, "the state was prepared to treat Monmouthshire as if it were part of Wales, even if it was not able to concede that legally it was Welsh."[21] In 1949, Monmouthshire was included within the remit of the Council for Wales and Monmouthshire, an appointed body established by the Government to advise on Welsh affairs and a precursor of the Welsh Office.[23] Treating Monmouthshire as part of Wales in legislation occasionally created further anomalies. For example, the Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953 contained the provision that "For the purposes of this Act the administrative county of Monmouth shall be taken to be part of Wales and not part of England."[24] This left the county borough of Newport as part of England but treated the rest of the county as part of Wales.

The Member of Parliament (MP) for Abertillery, Llywelyn Williams, campaigned to have Monmouthshire unambiguously placed in Wales. Speaking in the House of Commons in February 1957 he said "I think that it is about time we dropped this Wales and Monmouthshire business. Apart from a few cranks who search the files of the distant past for some very flimsy tokens of evidence to suggest that Monmouthshire belongs to England, no person acquainted with the county — its history, customs, place names, culture and way of life — would dream of regarding Monmouthshire people as anything but Welsh."[25] Later in the year he asked Henry Brooke, Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs, "whether he will now remove from official documents and records relating to Wales the additional words 'and Monmouthshire', since Monmouthshire is included in the term Wales.". Brooke replied in the negative, as he did not think "such a course would be consistent with various statutory provisions relating to Monmouthshire."[26]

The Local Government Commission for Wales established in 1958 included Monmouthshire within its review area, and in 1961 proposed merging the area into a new "South East Wales" county.[27] The proposed inclusion of Monmouthshire in Wales infuriated Lord Raglan, by now Lord Lieutenant of the county.[28] In reaction, a "Make Monmouthshire Welsh" campaign was launched in August 1961 to gain parliamentary recognition that the county was in Wales.[29] In November 1961 it was announced that a branch of the Royal Society of St George was to be formed, emphasising the county's English identity.[30] Another group, the "Monmouthshire is Welsh" society, was formed and was supported by local MPs Michael Foot and Leo Abse.[21] Two years later Monmouth Borough Council made representations to the Minister of Housing and Local Government seeking the transfer of the town to Herefordshire in the event that the reforms were carried out. Signs erected by Monmouthshire County Council welcoming motorists to Wales were defaced or removed.[31] The County Council placed a revised sign at Monmouth stating "Welcome to Wales and Monmouthshire"; first, the words "..and Monmouthshire" were painted over, and then the words "..to Wales" were also obliterated.[32]

The Welsh Office, established in 1965, included Monmouthshire within its remit. The Wales and Berwick Act was repealed in regard to Wales in 1967 by the Welsh Language Act 1967, which however also continued to use the phrase "Wales and Monmouthshire". The Interpretation Act 1978 hence provides that in legislation passed between 1967 and 1974, "a reference to England includes Berwick upon Tweed and Monmouthshire".

Clarification of position in Wales

In 1969 George Thomas, Secretary of State for Wales proposed to fully incorporate Monmouthshire into Wales. Lord Raglan (son of the former lord lieutenant), asked the following question in the House of Lords: "To ask Her Majesty's Government why they propose to incorporate Monmouthshire into Wales without consulting Monmouthshire's inhabitants." Replying for the government, Baroness Phillips stated that "The purpose of the change is to remove the anomaly arising from the present need to refer to Monmouthshire separately from Wales in Statutes. My right honourable friend the Secretary of State believes that the proposal commands wide support in the county."[33] In April of the following year Plaid Cymru MP Gwynfor Evans asked Thomas "when he proposes to implement his undertaking that the phrase 'Wales and Monmouthshire' " will be dropped." The Secretary of State indicated that it would be after the passing of legislation to reform local government in Wales.[34]

The issue was finally clarified in law by the Local Government Act 1972, which provided that "in every act passed on or after 1 April 1974, and in every instrument made on or after that date under any enactment (whether before, on or after that date) "Wales", subject to any alterations of boundaries..." included "the administrative county of Monmouthshire and the county borough of Newport".[35]

Debate on the relevant amendment, Clause 256, took place late on 20 July 1972, with few local MPs present. The Minister of State, David Gibson-Watt, agreed to a question from George Thomas that "...in future the argument about Monmouthshire being part of Wales is over, and that [his] statement makes it clear that Monmouthshire is part of Wales for good and for ever?" Raymond Gower said that the statement was "quite consistent with the fact that towns with names such as Abergavenny and Llantarnam could not be anything other than Welsh"; it was opposed by Gerald Kaufman, who stated: "Am I to take it that an act of annexation of this magnitude is to be carried through a sparsely attended House of Commons on the nod at five minutes to midnight on the same basis as Europe has annexed England? I wish to voice my protest."[36]

Events since 1974

The English Democrats nominated candidates for the 2007 Welsh Assembly elections in the South East Wales region, and three of six constituencies in the area of the historic county, with a view to promoting a referendum on "letting Monmouthshire decide" whether it wished to be part of Wales or England.[37] The party received 0.9% of the vote on the regional list, and between 2.2% and 2.7% of the vote in the constituencies, and failed to have any members elected.[38] In the 2011 Welsh Assembly elections the English Democrats contested the seat of Monmouth and achieved 2.5% of the vote. In the 2015 general election they won 0.2% of the vote in the constituency of Monmouth, while Plaid Cymru achieved 3.9% of the vote.[39]

Geography

Much of Monmouthshire is hilly, particularly the western area adjoining the industrial South Wales Valleys and the Black Mountains to the north. Two major river valleys dominate the lowlands – the scenic gorge of the Wye Valley along the border with Gloucestershire adjoining the Forest of Dean, and the valley of the River Usk between Abergavenny and Newport. Both rivers flow south to the Severn Estuary. The River Monnow is a tributary of the River Wye and forms part of the border with Herefordshire and England, passing through the town of Monmouth. The Black Mountains are part of the Brecon Beacons National Park, whilst the Wye Valley is a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) which straddles the England-Wales border.

The highest point (county top) of the county is Chwarel y Fan in the Black Mountains with a height of 679公尺（2,228英尺）. The Sugar Loaf (Welsh: Mynydd Pen-y-fâl or Y Fâl), located 3公里（1.9英里） northwest of Abergavenny, is probably the best known hill in the county. Although its height is only 596公尺（1,955英尺）, its isolation and distinctive peak shape makes it a prominent landmark for many miles around.

Legacy

Flag of Monmouthshire

The name "Monmouthshire" was revived for one of the principal areas created on further local government reorganisation in 1996. The principal area covers only part of the historic county, which also includes the principal areas of Newport, Torfaen, most of Blaenau Gwent, and parts of Caerphilly and Cardiff.

The preserved county of Gwent, which still exists for some ceremonial purposes, is similar in extent to historic Monmouthshire with the addition of the west bank of the Rhymney Valley.

The Monmouthshire Association, a local society which promotes the county's identity, led a successful campaign to register a Flag of Monmouthshire with the Flag Institute in September 2011.[40]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Vision of Britain – Monmouthshire population (area and density)
  2. ^ Vision of Britain – 1831 Census
  3. ^ Wikishire: Monmouthshire. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Section 3 of the Laws in Wales Act 1535 (Hen. VIII c.26)
  5. ^ Ivor Waters, Chepstow Packets, 1983, ISBN 0-906134-21-8, p.34
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 F. A. Youngs Jr., Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol.II: Northern England, London, 1991
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Samuel Lewis (ed.), Monmouthshire, in A Topographical Dictionary of England, 1848, British History Online, accessed May 2, 2008
  8. ^ Monmouthshire. County-Wise. [2019-11-01]. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 R. R. Davies, Conquest, Coexistence and Change: Wales 1063–1415 (Oxford University Press, 1987), ch. 14.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Thomas, Ceinwen. Dr (PDF). Cardiff: Meibion Gwent. 1958: 3. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 John Davies, A History of Wales, 1993, ISBN 0-14-028475-3
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1  Chisholm, Hugh (編). Monmouthshire. Encyclopædia Britannica 18 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 729. 1911. 
  13. ^ Monmouth Tourist Information and Travel Guide. www.royalforestofdean.info. 
  14. ^ Charles Burlington et al., The Modern Universal British Traveller, 1779, quoted in Keith Kissack, Monmouth and its Buildings, 2003, ISBN 1-904396-01-1, p.3
  15. ^ George Borrow, Wild Wales, first published 1862, reprint 1998, ISBN 1-871083-26-5, p.519
  16. ^ John Bartholomew. Monmouthshire. Gazetteer of the British Isles. Vision of Britain. 1887 [2008-08-24]. 
  17. ^ LICENSING (No. 2) BILL. (Hansard, 12 August 1921). hansard.millbanksystems.com. 
  18. ^ Williams, Chris, The Question of Monmouthshire, Williams, Chris; Williams, Sian Rhiannon (編), The Gwent County History 4, Cardiff: University of Wales Press: 348–359, 2011, ISBN 9780708318263 
  19. ^ Welcome to Monmouthshire – "interesting points".  [失效連結]
  20. ^ Lords Hansard, 12 August 1921, col. 524
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Chris Williams, Who Talks Of My Nation?, Chapter 18 in The Gwent County History, vol.5, The Twentieth Century, University of Wales Press, 2013, 978-0-7-83-2648-0, pp.342–362
  22. ^ Lords Hansard, July 25, 1938, col. 1105
  23. ^ COUNCIL FOR WALES (MEMBERSHIP) (Hansard, 26 April 1949). hansard.millbanksystems.com. 
  24. ^ Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953, 英國成文法資料庫（英語：legislation.gov.uk）, 國家檔案館, 1953 c. 49 
  25. ^ House of Commons Hansard, February 11, 1957, col.931
  26. ^ House of Commons Hansard, July 26, 1957, col. 94
  27. ^ Plan to Merge Welsh Counties Into Five Areas. The Times. May 25, 1961
  28. ^ Faithful to Both, The Times, March 15, 1961, p.15
  29. ^ "Monmouthshire is Welsh" Campaign, The Times, August 5, 1961, p.8
  30. ^ New Minister Faces Old Problem: Whose county is Monmouthshire?, The Times, November 14, 1961, p.14
  31. ^ Borough Wants to Keep Its Status: Monmouth Glance at Next County, The Times, June 3, 1963, p.11
  32. ^ Ivor Waters, Chepstow Packets, 1983, p.41
  33. ^ Lords Hansard, January 22, 1969, Col. 924 – 925
  34. ^ Hansard, April 28, 1970, col. 308
  35. ^ Local government Act 1972 (c.70), sections 1, 20 and 269
  36. ^ Hansard, HC Deb 20 July 1972 vol 841 cc1087-8. Retrieved 24 May 2013
  37. ^ Party, English Democrats. English Democrats Party Campaigning for an English Parliament. We are the only national party to do so.. www.lettingmonmouthshiredecide.com. 
  38. ^ BBC NEWS – Election 2007 – Welsh Assembly – Election Result: Wales. news.bbc.co.uk. 
  39. ^ UK Polling Report. ukpollingreport.co.uk. 
  40. ^ Monmouthshire Flag Registered. Association of British Counties. 30 September 2011 [2011-10-03]. （原始內容存檔於11 September 2012）.  無效|url-status=bot: unknown (幫助)

Sources

Further reading

  • Bradney, Joseph, History of Monmouthshire, 4 vols, 1904–1933; Pt 5, Aberystwyth 1993

Template:Historic Counties of Wales

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