龍膽屬
龍膽屬
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| 春花龍膽 Gentiana verna | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 植物界 Plantae |
| 演化支： | 維管束植物 Tracheophyta |
| 演化支： | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
| 演化支： | 真雙子葉植物 Eudicots |
| 演化支： | 菊類植物 Asterids |
| 目： | 龍膽目 Gentianales |
| 科： | 龍膽科 Gentianaceae |
| 屬： | 龍膽屬 Gentiana Tourn. ex L., 1753 |
| 種 | |
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見內文 | |
龍膽屬（學名：Gentiana）是龍膽科下的一個大屬，大約包括有400餘種，廣泛分布在全世界溫帶地區的高山地帶，絕大部分為一年生或多年生的草本植物，部分為常綠品種。
龍膽屬植物為單葉對生，花為喇叭狀，花瓣5裂，在北半球的龍膽屬，花通常為藍色，但在南美洲的品種花為紅色，在新西蘭有白色花的品種，此外尚有黃色、乳白色等，顏色多樣。
一般龍膽屬植物不容易栽培，不易離開其生長的自然環境，但也有一些品種可以進行栽培，需要充足的陽光，排水良好的土壤。
藥用
龍膽屬植物的根含有龍膽苦甙，可以用作苦味健胃劑，許多品種的根可以作為中藥入藥，功能瀉肝火、退虛熱。
龍膽花是一種藏藥，藏藥名「榜間」、「邦見」，可以單味或複方入藥。《晶珠本草》說榜間可治毒病及各類熱症，如氣管炎、咳嗽和天花。此外還有抗肝纖維化、抗子宮頸癌的作用。[1]
下屬物種
本屬包括以下物種：[2]
- Gentiana acaulis L.('Stemless Gentian')
- Gentiana acaulis x clusii
- Gentiana affinis ('Pleated Gentian')
- Gentiana alba Muhl. ex A.Gray, 1848('Plain Gentian')
- Gentiana albescens Favre
- 銀萼龍膽 Gentiana albicalyx Burkill
- 高山龍膽 Gentiana algida Pall. ('Whitish Gentian')
- Gentiana alii (Omer & Qaiser) T.N.Ho
- Gentiana alpina ('Alpine Gentian')
- Gentiana altaica ('Altai Gentian')
- Gentiana amarella ('Autumn Dwarf Gentian')
- Gentiana amoena
- Gentiana andrewsii ('Closed bottle Gentian')
- Gentiana angustifolia
- 阿里山龍膽 Gentiana arisanensis
- Gentiana asclepiadea ('Willow Gentian')
- Gentiana austromontana ('Appalachian Gentian')
- Gentiana autumnalis ('Pinebarren Gentian')
- 竹林龍膽 Gentiana bambuseti
- Gentiana bavarica ('Bavarian Gentian')
- Gentiana bellidifolia
- Gentiana betongensis J.Wai,2024[3]
- Gentiana bolavenensis Nagah., Tagane & Soulad.[4]
- Gentiana boryi Boiss., 1938
- Gentiana brachyphylla Vill., 1779
- Gentiana bulleyana (Forrest) C.Marquand, 1931，為Crawfurdia campanulacea Wall. & Griff. ex C.B.Clarke的異名
- Gentiana burseri Lapeyr., 1813
- Gentiana cachemirica Decne., 1844
- Gentiana calycosa ('Rainier Pleated Gentian')
- Gentiana catesbaei ('Elliott's Gentian')
- 頭花龍膽 Gentiana cephalantha
- Gentiana cerina
- Gentiana ciliolata S. Yang, H. C & F. Du, 2020[5]
- Gentiana clausa ('Bottled Gentian')
- Gentiana clusii ('Trumpet Gentian')
- 粗莖秦艽 Gentiana crassicaulis
- Gentiana crinita ('Fringed Gentian')
- Gentiana cruciata ('Cross Gentian')
- 五嶺龍膽 Gentiana davidii
- 臺灣龍膽 Gentiana davidii var. formosana
- 達烏里秦艽 Gentiana dahurica Fisch., 1812
- Gentiana decora ('Showy Gentian')
- 斜升秦艽 Gentiana decumbens L.fil., 1781
- Gentiana dendrologii
- 平龍膽 Gentiana depressa
- Gentiana dinarica
- Gentiana douglasiana ('Swamp Gentian')
- 壺冠龍膽 Gentiana elwesii
- 線葉龍膽 Gentiana farreri
- Gentiana fetisowii
- Gentiana flavida ('Pale Gentian')
- Gentiana flavomaculata
- 黃斑龍膽 Gentiana flavomaculata var. flavomaculata
- 鴛鴦湖龍膽 Gentiana flavomaculata var. yuanyanghuensis
- Gentiana freyniana
- Gentiana frigida
- Gentiana froelichii
- Gentiana fremontii ('Moss Gentian')
- Gentiana gelida
- 勁直黃條紋龍膽 Gentiana gilvo-striata
- Gentiana glauca ('Pale Gentian')
- Gentiana gracilipes
- Gentiana grombczewskii
- Gentiana heterosepala ('Autumn Gentian')
- Gentiana hexaphylla
- 高山龍膽 Gentiana horaimontana
- 伊澤山龍膽 Gentiana itzershanensis
- 高雄龍膽 Gentiana kaohsiungensis Chih H.Chen & J.C.Wang, 1999
- Gentiana kesselringii Regel, 1880
- Gentiana kurroo Royle, 1835
- Gentiana laotica Soulad., Tagane & Yahara[6]
- Gentiana lawrencii
- 全萼秦艽 Gentiana lhassica
- Gentiana linearis ('Narrowleaf Gentian')
- Gentiana loderi
- 黃龍膽 Gentiana lutea ，( 'Great Yellow Gentian')
- 全萼秦艽 Gentiana macrophylla ('Bigleaf Gentian')
- Gentiana makinoi H.Lév. & Vaniot，為Gentiana nipponica Maxim.的異名
- 小齒龍膽 Gentiana microdonta Franch. ex Hemsl., 1890
- Gentiana mopanshanensis Huan C. Wang & Tao Chen bis, 2024[7]
- Gentiana newberryi ('Newberry's Gentian')
- Gentiana nipponica
- Gentiana nivalis ('Snow Gentian')
- 雲霧龍膽 Gentiana nubigena
- Gentiana nutans ('Tundra Gentian')
- Gentiana ochroleuca
- Gentiana olivieri
- Gentiana ornata
- Gentiana pannonica ('Brown Gentian')
- Gentiana paradoxa
- Gentiana parryi ('Parry's Gentian')
- Gentiana patula
- Gentiana pennelliana ('Wiregrass Gentian')
- 葉萼龍膽 Gentiana phyllocalyx
- Gentiana platypetala ('Broadpetal Gentian')
- Gentiana plurisetosa ('Bristly Gentian')
- Gentiana pneumonanthe ('Marsh Gentian')
- 觀嘗龍膽 Gentiana prolata
- 垂花龍膽 Gentiana prostrata ('Pygmy Gentian')
- Gentiana przewalskii
- 翼萼龍膽 Gentiana pterocalyx
- Gentiana puberulenta ('Downy Gentian')
- Gentiana pumila
- Gentiana punctata ('Spotted Gentian')
- Gentiana purpurea ('Purple Gentian')
- Gentiana pyrenaica
- Gentiana quadrifolia
- 滇龍膽草 Gentiana rigescens
- Gentiana rostanii
- Gentiana rubricaulis ('Closed Gentian')
- Gentiana saponaria ('Harvestbells Gentian')
- Gentiana saxosa
- 龍膽 Gentiana scabra
- 玉山龍膽 Gentiana scabrida
- 黑斑龍膽 Gentiana scabrida var. punctulata
- 玉山龍膽 Gentiana scabrida var. scabrida
- Gentiana scarlatina
- Gentiana sceptrum ('King's scepter Gentian')
- Gentiana septemfida ('Crested Gentian')
- Gentiana setigera ('Mendocino Gentian')
- Gentiana setulifolia
- 錫金龍膽 Gentiana sikkimensis
- Gentiana sikokiana
- 華麗龍膽 Gentiana sino-ornata
- 管花秦艽 Gentiana siphonantha
- Gentiana speciosa
- 鱗葉龍膽 Gentiana squarrosa
- Gentiana stictantha
- 匙萼龍膽 Gentiana stragulata
- 麻花艽 Gentiana straminea Maxim.
- Gentiana susanneae [8]
- 太魯閣龍膽 Gentiana tarokoensis
- 塔塔加龍膽 Gentiana tatakensis
- 厚葉龍膽 Gentiana tentyoensis
- Gentiana tenuifolia
- 臺東龍膽 Gentiana tenuissima
- Gentiana terglouensis ('Triglav Gentian')
- 三葉龍膽 Gentiana ternifolia Franch.
- Gentiana tianshanica ('Tienshan Gentian')
- 三歧龍膽 Gentiana trichotoma
- 三花龍膽 Gentiana triflora
- Gentiana trinervis
- 筒花龍膽 Gentiana tubiflora
- Gentiana utriculosa ('Bladder Gentian')
- 藍玉簪龍膽 Gentiana veitchiorum
- 喜馬拉雅龍膽 Gentiana venusta
- 春花龍膽 Gentiana verna ('Spring Gentian')
- Gentiana villosa ('Striped Gentian')
- 長梗秦艽 Gentiana waltonii
- Gentiana wutaiensis
- 台灣輪葉龍膽 Gentiana yakushimensis
- 筆龍膽 Gentiana zollingeri
- 歸入本屬的物種：
- Aloitis anceps Raf.
- Aloitis divaricata Greene
- Aloitis foliosa Greene
- Aloitis mesochora Greene
- Aloitis smithii Omer
- Coilantha sessaei D.Don ex G.Don
- Dasistepha cespitosa Raf., 1837
- Dasystephana frigida Cockerell, 1906
- Dasystephana vodopjanovae Zuev
參考文獻
- ^ 曹海峰、趙志禮、嘎務，2014，藏藥「龍膽花」研究進展，《中藥材》，06期
- ^ Gentiana L.. GBIF. [2023-06-05]. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-30）.
- ^ Jarearnsak Sae Wai. 2024. Gentiana betongensis (Gentianaceae), A New Species from tropical montane sphagnum bog in Peninsular Thailand. Phytotaxa. 633(1); 60-67. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.633.1.7
- ^ Ai Nagahama, Shuichiro Tagane, Phetlasy Souladeth, Anousone Sengthong and Tetsukazu Yahara. 2019. Gentiana bolavenensis (Gentianaceae), A New Species from Dong Hua Sao National Protected Area in southern Laos. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany). 47(2), 133-136. DOI: 10.20531/tfb.2019.47.2.02
- ^ Shaoyong Yang, Haifeng Cao, Fan Du, Juan Wang, Qiaorong Zhang and Wen-Tsai Wang. 2020. A New Species of Gentiana, Gentiana ciliolata and It’s Two Subspecies of subsp. ciliolata and subsp. longiloba of Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces. American Journal of Plant Sciences. 11; 1137-1143. DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2020.117080
- ^ Phetlasy Souladeth, Shuichiro Tagane, Akiyo Naiki, Hidetoshi Nagamasu and Tetsukazu Yahara. 2018. Gentiana laotica, A New Species of Gentianaceae from Laos. Thai Forest Bulletin. 46(1); 72-75. DOI 10.20531/tfb.2018.46.1.11
- ^ Tao Chen, Ting-Ting Wang, Shao-Yun Liu and Huan-Chong Wang. 2024. Gentiana mopanshanensis (Gentianaceae), A New Species from Yunnan, southwest China. PhytoKeys. 239: 215-228. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.239.119800
- ^ Adrien Favre, James S. Pringle and Peng-Cheng Fu. 2022. Phylogenetics Support the Description of A New Sichuanese Species, Susanne’s Gentian, Gentiana susanneae (Gentianaceae). Systematic Botany. 47(2); 506-513. DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801579
- Lena Struwe (Editor), Victor A. Albert (Editor), Gentianaceae , Cambridge University Press, 2002; ISBN 0-521-80999-1
