飛航
飛航是某些不具有翅膀的節肢動物藉助自身產生的細絲進行遠距離擴散的一種行為[1]。主要有蜘蛛、葉蟎、鱗翅目幼蟲等[1]。這些物種出於繁殖、尋找食物和棲息地的需求會進行飛航[2]。
飛航的過程
飛航大體上可以分為起飛(take-off)、空中航行(flight)和降落(setting)三個階段[1]。
在起飛階段,飛航者會爬到高處進行預飛航[3]。新蛛下目的一種預飛航的方式稱為「腳尖式」 (tip-toe),即爬到高處後釋放蛛絲;另一種是「漂筏式」 (dragline), 即爬到高處後,通過蛛絲下降到一定高度,然後再釋放蛛絲進行飛行(某些原蛛下目在起飛時不會釋放蛛絲[3])[1]。同種的蜘蛛可能只會採取同樣的方式進行預飛航[1]。
如果天氣條件適宜,蜘蛛能夠在6小時內飛航30km[4];連續飛航則在水平方向上能夠達到3,200km[5]。在垂直方向上飛航能夠到達5km高度[1]。整體上來看,結網型蜘蛛的飛航頻率大於遊獵型蜘蛛[6]。飛航者能利用蛛絲長度控制飛航距離和降落點[7]。但由於氣流的影響,飛航者對距離的控制可能較弱[8]。
雖然飛航者很可能無法選擇降落點[2],但是當降落點不理想時,飛航者會連續飛航,直至到達合適的地點[9]。
機制
對飛航機制的解釋主要有兩種理論。一種理論認為飛航的動力來自於蛛絲牽引下在上升氣流中的運動[10]。另一種理論認為是在大氣靜電力的作用下進行的飛航[1]。
參閱
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Wu, Pengfeng; Cui, Shuyan; Ali, Abid; Zheng, Guo. Advances in spider ballooning research. Biodiversity Science. 2021, 29 (4): 517–530. doi:10.17520/biods.2020301.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Bonte, Dries. Cost–Benefit Balance of Dispersal and the Evolution of Conditional Dispersal Strategies in Spiders. Spider Ecophysiology. 2013: 67–78. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33989-9_6.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Weyman, Gabriel S. A review of the possible causative factors and significance of ballooning in spiders. Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 1993-09, 5 (3): 279–291. doi:10.1080/08927014.1993.9523016.
- ^ Thomas, C. F. G.; Brain, P.; Jepson, P. C. Aerial activity of linyphiid spiders: modelling dispersal distances from meteorology and behaviour: Dispersal distances of ballooning spiders. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2003-09-26, 40 (5): 912–927. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00844.x.
- ^ Gressitt, J. L. Biogeography and Ecology of Land Arthropods of Antarctica. Biogeography and Ecology in Antarctica. 1965, 15: 431–490. doi:10.1007/978-94-015-7204-0_14.
- ^ Larrivée, Maxim; Buddle, Christopher M. Ballooning propensity of canopy and understorey spiders in a mature temperate hardwood forest. Ecological Entomology. 2011-04, 36 (2): 144–151. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01255.x.
- ^ Humphrey, J. A. C. Fluid mechanic constraints on spider ballooning. Oecologia. 1987, 73 (3): 469–477. doi:10.1007/BF00385267.
- ^ Reynolds, AM; Bohan, DA; Bell, JR. Ballooning dispersal in arthropod taxa with convergent behaviours: dynamic properties of ballooning silk in turbulent flows.. Biology letters. 2006-09-22, 2 (3): 371–3. PMID 17148406. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0486.
- ^ Tolbert, Wayne W. Aerial Dispersal Behavior of Two Orb Weaving Spiders. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 1977-01-01, 84 (1): 13–27. doi:10.1155/1977/52152.
- ^ Blackwall, John. XX. Observations and Experiments, made with a view to ascertain the Means by which the Spiders that produce Gossamer effect their aërial Excursions.. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 1827-12, 15 (2): 449–459. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00126.x.