雷明頓鯨科
雷明頓鯨科 化石時期：早 - 中始新世
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| 庫奇鯨（Kutchicetus） | |
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| 雷明頓鯨（Remingtonocetus） | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
| 綱： | 哺乳綱 Mammalia |
| 目： | 偶蹄目 Artiodactyla |
| 下目： | 鯨下目 Cetacea |
| 並系群： | †古鯨類 Archaeoceti |
| 科： | †雷明頓鯨科 Remingtonocetidae Kumar & Sahni 1986 |
| 屬 | |
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雷明頓鯨科（學名：Remingtonocetidae）為鯨下目下一群多樣化的水生哺乳動物[1]。
描述
雷明頓鯨科物種具有長而狹窄的顱骨、位於前端的鼻孔、狹小的額板、較小的眼窩、具有凸起的齶以及未完全癒合的下頜骨逢。牠們的齒式為3.1.4.33.1.4.3。前端的牙齒外型與鯊魚齒類似[2]。
顱後骨架部分頸椎較長、骶骨由4塊椎骨組成，且其中至少3塊已經完全癒合。髀臼切痕狹小或閉合，股骨頭上不具有股骨頭凹[2]。
顱骨化石十分常見但通常無法保留齒式。顱後的骨架則多半基於庫奇鯨的唯一樣本，體型小但具有粗壯的背部及尾部。雷明頓鯨科的物種游泳形式可能與現存的巨獺一樣透過長而扁平的尾巴推進[3]。
雷明頓鯨科具有較長的身體與吻突、較短的四肢，外型特徵比起走鯨與現存的鱷魚更為相似。牠們能於陸地上行走也能於水中游泳，可能棲息於沿岸地帶。其中至少有一個屬（大連特鯨）是以水生動物為食[1]。
雷明頓鯨科的化石附近通常都能發現海生鯰魚、鱷魚、原鯨科鯨魚以及海牛，這代表牠們的棲息環境多半位於鹹水水域，而非淡水[3]。
棲息與分布地
雷明頓鯨科的物種最早被認為是始新世時期特提斯洋沿岸（現今的巴基斯坦及印度）的特有種。不過於埃及發現的Rayanistes代表雷明頓鯨科有比之前所知還要更為廣泛的分布區域[1]。雷明頓鯨科的名稱來自於雷明頓鯨屬，用以紀念古生物學家雷明頓·凱洛格[1][4]。
分類學
雷明頓鯨科最早由Kumar & Sahni 1986發表，並被Uhen 2010認為是單系群。Benton 1993將其分類至齒鯨小目下；Mitchell 1989與Rice 1998將其分類至雷明頓鯨亞科（Remingtonocetoidea）下；由Bianucci & Landini 2007、Kumar & Sahni 1986、Fordyce & Barnes 1994、Fordyce, Barnes & Miyazaki 1995、McKenna & Bell 1997、Fordyce & Muizon 2001、Gingerich et al. 2001、Fordyce 2003、Geisler & Sanders 2003與McLeod & Barnes 2008分類至古鯨小目下；由Thewissen, Williams & Hussain 2001、Uhen 2010與Thewissen & Bajpai 2009.分類至鯨下目下[5]。
屬
- 雷明頓鯨 Remingtonocetus（模式種）Kumar & Sahni 1986
- 安德魯斯鯨 Andrewsiphius Sahni & Mishra 1975
- 阿托克鯨 Attockicetus Kumar & Sahni 1986：為最古老的屬[3]
- 大連特鯨 Dalanistes Gingerich, Arif & Clyde 1995
- 庫奇鯨 Kutchicetus Thewissen & Hussain 2000
- Rayanistes Bebej, Zalmout, El-Aziz, Antar, and Gingerich, 2016
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Uhen 2010，第203頁
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Gingerich et al. 2001，第285–7頁
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Thewissen & Williams 2002，第80頁
- ^ Ryan M. Bebej, Iyad S. Zalmout, Ahmed A. Abed El-Aziz, Mohammed Sameh M. Antar and Philip D. Gingerich (2016). "First remingtonocetid archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the middle Eocene of Egypt with implications for biogeography and locomotion in early cetacean evolution". Journal of Paleontology. in press. doi:10.1017/jpa.2015.57.
- ^ Remingtonocetidae. Paleobiology Database.. Retrieved February 2013
- Benton, Micheal J. The Fossil Record 2. Springer. 1993. ISBN 9780412393808.
- Bianucci, Giovanni; Landini, Walter. Fossil History. Miller, Debra L. (編). Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetacea. Science Publishers. 2007: 35–93. ISBN 978-1-4398-4257-7. OCLC 646769361. doi:10.1201/b11001-3.
|journal=被忽略 (幫助) - Fordyce, R. Ewan. Cetacean evolution and Eocene-Oligocene oceans revisited. From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Marine Eocene-Oligocene Transition. New York: Columbia University Press. 2003: 154–170. ISBN 9780231127165. OCLC 50116197.
- Fordyce, R. Ewan; Barnes, Lawrence G. The evolutionary history of whales and dolphins. Wetherill, George W; Albee, Arden L; Burke, K (編). Annual Review of Earth Planetary Sciences 22. 1994: 419–55. ISBN 9780824320225. OCLC 30676887.
- Fordyce, R. Ewan; Barnes, Lawrence G.; Miyazaki, N. General aspects of the evolutionary history of whales and dolphins. The Island Arc. 1995, 3 (4): 373–391. OCLC 4643465301. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1738.1994.tb00121.x.
- Fordyce, R. Ewan; Muizon, Christian, de. Evolutionary history of whales: a review. Mazin, Jean-Michel; Buffrenil, Vivian, de (編). Secondary adaptation of tetrapods to life in water. Proceedings of the international meeting, Poitiers, 1996. München: Verlag Dr Friedriech Pfeil. 2001: 169–234. ISBN 9783931516888. OCLC 52121251.
- Geisler, Jonathan H.; Sanders, Albert E. Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Cetacea. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 2003, 10 (1/2): 23–129. OCLC 361831220. doi:10.1023/a:1025552007291.
- Gingerich, Philip D.; Arif, Muhammad; Clyde, William C. New Archaeocetes (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the middle Eocene Domanda Formation of the Sulaiman Range, Punjab (Pakistan). Contributions from Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan. 1995, 29 (11): 291–330. OCLC 34123868. hdl:2027.42/48650.
- Gingerich, Philip D.; Ul-Haq, Munir; Khan, Intizar Hussain; Zalmout, Iyad S. Eocene stratrigraphy and archaeocete whales (Mammalia, Cetacea) of Drug Lahar in the eastern Sulaiman range, Balochistan (Pakistan). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 2001, 30 (11): 269–319. hdl:2027.42/48661.
- Kumar, K.; Sahni, A. Remingtonocetus harudiensis, new combination, a middle Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from western Kutch, India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1986, 6 (4): 326–349. OCLC 4649653943. doi:10.1080/02724634.1986.10011629.
- McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. Classification of mammals above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6. OCLC 37345734.
- McLeod, S. A.; Barnes, L. G. A new genus and species of Eocene protocetid archaeocete whale (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Atlantic Coastal plain (PDF). Wang, Xiaoming; Barnes, Lawrence G. (編). Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America 41. 2008: 73–98 [February 2013].
|journal=被忽略 (幫助) - Mitchell, Edward D. A new cetacean from the late Eocene La Meseta Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1989, 46 (12): 2219–35. OCLC 41657907. doi:10.1139/f89-273.
- Rice, Dale W. Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. Special publication (Society for Marine Mammalogy), 4. The Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication. 1998: 1–231. ISBN 9781891276033. OCLC 40622084.
- Sahni, Ashok; Mishra, Vijay Prakash. Lower Tertiary vertebrates from western India. Monograph of the PaleontologicalSociety of India. 1975, 3: 1–48. ASIN B0007AL8UE. OCLC 3566369.
- Thewissen, J.G.M.; Bajpai, Sunil. New Skeletal Material of Andrewsiphius and Kutchicetus, Two Eocene Cetaceans from India. Journal of Paleontology. 2009, 83 (5): 635–663. OCLC 4631929027. doi:10.1666/08-045.1.
- Thewissen, J.G.M.; Hussain, S.T. Attockicetus praecursor, a new remingtonocetid cetacean from marine Eocene sediments of Pakistan. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 2000, 7 (3): 133–46. OCLC 362777268. doi:10.1023/A:1009458618729.
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