迦太基必須毀滅
迦太基必須毀滅(拉丁語:Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam 或 Ceterum autem censeo Carthaginem esse delendam[註 1]。中文直譯:還有,我認爲迦太基必須被毀滅。)是一句拉丁語名言,源於在羅馬和迦太基之間的第三次布匿戰爭(公元前149-146年)之前羅馬政治家老加圖在羅馬元老院進行的辯論發言。據說,老加圖在所有推動戰爭的演講中都以這個短語作為結束語。
語法分析
該短語使用了delenda,即動詞dēlēre(「to destroy」)的陰性單數動名詞形式。[1]動名詞(或將來被動分詞)delenda是一個動詞性形容詞,可以翻譯為「將被摧毀」。此句中它與動詞esse(「to be」)的第三人稱單數現在時形式est搭配,表示強迫或必然的含義,即「必須(一定)將被摧毀。[2]動名詞delenda在這個結構中起着表語形容詞的作用,稱為被動迂說法。
該短語的簡稱Carthago delenda est是一個獨立的從句。陰性單數名詞迦太基以主格充當主語。Est是動詞esse的第三人稱單數現在時主動態直陳式形式;其人稱(第三人稱)和數(單數)由主語名詞決定,作為主系表結構中的系動詞,將道義情態引入整個從句。[3]因為delenda是一個修飾主語名詞Carthago的表語(謂語形容詞),所以它與Carthago保持數字(單數)、性(陰性)、格(主格)的一致。[4]
更完整的形式是Ceterum Ceneo delendam esse Carthaginem和Ceterum autem Ceneo delendam esse Carthaginem使用所謂的賓格和不定式結構作為間接陳述。在每一種形式中,動詞censeo(「I opine」)建立了間接陳述delendam esse Carthaginem(「即迦太基將被摧毀」)。[5]間接陳述的主體迦太基語處於賓格;動詞esse是現在不定式。Delendam是一個謂語形容詞,與主語名詞Carthaginem有關,因此採用相同的數字(單數);性別(女性);格(賓格)為迦太基語。[6]
背景
儘管羅馬在前兩次布匿戰爭中取得了勝利,[7]在與北非航海的布匿城邦迦太基(現在的突尼斯)爭奪霸主地位時,羅馬在這些交戰過程中遭受了許多羞辱和破壞性的挫折,特別是在公元前216年的坎尼會戰中。儘管如此,羅馬還是在公元前201年成功地贏得了第二次布匿戰爭。戰敗後,迦太基不再是羅馬的威脅,而是淪為一小塊領土,相當於現在的突尼斯東北部。
然而,老加圖在公元前152年作為一名元老院使節團的成員訪問了迦太基,該使節團是被派去仲裁迦太基和努米底亞國王馬西尼薩之間的衝突。老加圖是第二次布匿戰爭的老兵,他對迦太基恢復的財富感到震驚,認為這對羅馬是危險的。在此之後,他一直要求無情地摧毀它,並用這句話結束了他在院內的所有演講,即使討論話題不在迦太基本身。[8]但元老院不是所有人認同他,尤其是普布利烏斯·科內利烏斯·西皮奧·納西卡·科庫倫,他是大西庇阿的女婿,也是最有影響力的元老之一。納西卡反對羅馬控制範圍的過度擴張,並認為對共同敵人的恐懼是控制人民的必要條件。[9]和老加圖一樣,他在所有演講的結尾都用了一句話:「迦太基必須被保存」。[10][11][12]
但在迦太基攻擊馬西尼薩後,老加圖最終贏得了這場辯論。馬西尼薩給了羅馬一個理由,因為公元前201年的和平條約阻止迦太基在未經羅馬同意的情況下宣戰。[13][14]公元前146年,迦太基被大西庇阿的孫子小西庇阿夷為平地,剩下的全部人口被賣為奴隸。迦太基隨後成為羅馬的一個行省。另外當時羅馬軍隊向城市撒鹽的說法是19世紀才出現的。[15][16][17]
文學史料
嬗變
參見
注釋
參考書目
古代來源
- Aurelius Victor, De viris illustribus Romae.
- Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica ("Historical Library").
- Florus, Epitome.
- Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Naturalis historia ("Natural History").
- Plutarch, Parallel Lives.
現代來源
- F. E. Adcock, "'Delenda est Carthago'", in The Cambridge Historical Journal, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1946), pp. 117–128.
- Alan E. Astin, Cato the Censor, Oxford University Press, 1978.
- John F. Miller & A. F. Woodman (editors), Latin Historiography and Poetry in the Early Empire, Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2010.
- Ellen O'Gorman, "Cato the elder and the destruction of Carthage (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)", in Helios 31 (2004), pp. 96–123.
- Little, Charles E. 「The Authenticity and Form of Cato’s Saying 『Carthago Delenda Est.』」 The Classical Journal, vol. 29, no. 6 (1934), pp. 429–35.
- Purcell, Nicholas. On the Sacking of Carthage and Corinth. Innes, Doreen; Hine, Harry; Pelling, Christopher (編). Ethics and Rhetoric: Classical Essays for Donald Russell on his Seventy Fifth Birthday. Oxford: Clarendon. 1995: 133–148. ISBN 978-0-19-814962-0.
- Ridley, Ronald. To Be Taken with a Pinch of Salt: The Destruction of Carthage. Classical Philology. 1986, 81 (2): 140–146. JSTOR 269786. S2CID 161696751. doi:10.1086/366973.
- Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A. Carthage. The New American Cyclopædia: a Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge 4. New York: D. Appleton: 497. 1858–1863 [29 July 2020]. OCLC 1173144180.
- Silvia Thürlemann, "Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam", Gymnasium 81 (1974), pp. 465–476.
- Ursula Vogel-Weidemann, "Carthago delenda est: Aita and Prophasis", in Acta Classica XXXII (1989), pp. 79–95.
- Gordon, Gregory S. Atrocity Speech Law: Foundation, Fragmentation, Fruition. Oxford University Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-19-061270-2 (英語).
參考文獻
- ^ Cassell's Latin Dictionary, ed. Marchant & Charles.
- ^ Betts, Gavin, Teach Yourself Latin, Sevenoaks, 1992, p.125, ISBN 978-0340867037
- ^ To be clear, the semantic import of "Carthage is to be destroyed" is not "Carthage is scheduled for future destruction," but rather that "Carthage must be destroyed." The former is a flaccid recital of a future eventuality; the latter is a normative statement of what needs to happen, of moral desert. That is the deontic modality. See, e.g., Risselada, Rodie. Imperatives and Other Directive Expressions in Latin: A Study in the Pragmatics of a Dead Language. Brill Academic Publishers, 1993. p. 179. Print. (noting that the periphrastic gerundival construction "has a general deontic value.")
- ^ Allen, J. H., Greenough, J. B., et al. Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, PART FIRST — WORDS AND FORMS, ADJECTIVES. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Perseus Digital Library. Web. 13 Feb. 2016. (noting that "[adjectives] agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.")
- ^ Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, Part Second — Syntax, Indirect Discourse (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). Perseus Digital Library; accessed 13 Feb. 2016. (noting that "Verbs . . . of knowing, thinking, telling, and perceiving, govern the Indirect Discourse.")
- ^ Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, Part First — Words and Forms, Adjectives. (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Perseus Digital Library, accessed 13 Feb. 2016.
- ^ Third Punic War. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2019-10-13]. (原始內容存檔於2022-01-02) (英語).
- ^ Astin, Cato, pp. 267–288.
- ^ Diodorus, xxxiv–xxxv. 33.
- ^ Florus, Epitome, i. 31 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館).
- ^ O'Gorman, "Cato the Elder", p. 111.
- ^ John Jacobs, "From Sallust to Silius Italicus, Metvs Hostilis and the Fall of Rome in the Punica", in Miller & Woodman (eds.), Latin Historiography, p. 123.
- ^ Adcock, "Delenda est Carthago", pp. 125, 126.
- ^ Vogel-Weidemann, "Carthago delenda est", p. 87.
- ^ Ridley 1986,第144–145頁.
- ^ Ripley & Dana 1858–1863,第497頁.
- ^ Purcell 1995,第140頁.