葡萄糖轉運蛋白4型
葡萄糖轉運蛋白4型 | |||||||
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識別號 | |||||||
別名 | ;Glc_transpt_4IPR002441GLUT4Gtr4Glut-4Insulin-responsive facilitative glucose transporter | ||||||
外部ID | GeneCards:[1] | ||||||
直系同源 | |||||||
物種 | 人類 | 小鼠 | |||||
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mRNA序列 |
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蛋白序列 |
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基因位置(UCSC) | 無數據 | 無數據 | |||||
PubMed查找 | 無數據 | 無數據 | |||||
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葡萄糖轉運蛋白4型(英語:Glucose transporter type 4,簡稱GLUT4),也稱為溶質載體家族2(solute carrier family 2)和促進葡萄糖轉運蛋白成員4(facilitated glucose transporter member 4),是一種在人類中由SLC2A4基因編碼的蛋白質。GLUT4是調節胰島素的葡萄糖轉運蛋白,主要存在於脂肪組織和橫紋肌(骨骼肌和心臟)中。大衛·詹姆斯於1988年提供了這種獨特的葡萄糖轉運蛋白的第一個證據。[1]編碼GLUT4的基因於1989年被克隆[2][3]和定位。[4]
在細胞表面,GLUT4允許循環葡萄糖沿着其濃度梯度擴散到肌肉和脂肪細胞中。進入細胞後,葡萄糖被肝臟中的葡萄糖激酶和其他組織中的己糖激酶迅速磷酸化,形成葡萄糖-6-磷酸,然後進入糖酵解或聚合成糖原。葡萄糖-6-磷酸不能擴散回細胞外,這也有助於維持葡萄糖被動進入細胞的濃度梯度。[5]
結構
與所有蛋白質一樣,GLUT4一級序列中獨特的氨基酸排列使其能夠跨質膜轉運葡萄糖。除了N末端的苯丙氨酸外,COOH末端的兩個亮氨酸殘基和酸性基序被認為在胞吞作用和胞吐作用的動力學中起着關鍵作用。[7]
其它葡萄糖轉運蛋白
根據序列相似性,共有14種葡萄糖轉運蛋白(GLUT)分為3類。第1類包含GLUT1至4和14,第2類包含GLUT5、7、9和11,第3類包含GLUT6、8、10、12和13。
儘管所有葡萄糖轉運蛋白之間存在一些序列差異,但它們都具有一些基本結構成分。例如,葡萄糖轉運蛋白的N端和C端都暴露在細胞質中,它們都有12個跨膜片段。[8]
組織分布
骨骼肌
在橫紋骨骼肌細胞中,運動或肌肉收縮會增加質膜中的GLUT4濃度。
在運動過程中,身體需要將葡萄糖轉化為ATP以用作能量。隨着葡萄糖-6-磷酸濃度降低,己糖激酶受到的抑制減少,並且生成ATP的糖酵解和氧化途徑能夠繼續進行。這也意味着隨着細胞內濃度的降低,肌肉細胞能夠吸收更多的葡萄糖。為了增加細胞中的葡萄糖水平,GLUT4是這種促進擴散中使用的初級轉運蛋白。[10]
儘管肌肉收縮以類似的方式發揮作用並且還誘導GLUT4易位到質膜中,但這兩個骨骼肌過程獲得不同形式的細胞內GLUT4。GLUT4載體囊泡為轉鐵蛋白陽性或陰性,並由不同的刺激物募集。陽性轉鐵蛋白GLUT4囊泡在肌肉收縮過程中被利用,而陰性轉鐵蛋白囊泡則被胰島素刺激和運動激活。[11][12]
心肌
心肌與骨骼肌略有不同。在休息時,他們更喜歡利用脂肪酸作為主要能量來源。隨着活動的增加,它開始更快地泵血,心肌開始以更高的速度氧化葡萄糖。[13]
對心肌中GLUT1和GLUT4的mRNA水平的分析表明,與在骨骼肌中相比,GLUT1在心肌中的作用更大。[14]然而,GLUT4仍然被認為是葡萄糖的初級轉運蛋白。[15]
與其他組織非常相似,GLUT4也對胰島素信號作出反應,並被轉運到質膜中以促進葡萄糖擴散到細胞中。[16][17]
脂肪組織
脂肪組織是能量的儲存庫,以保持代謝穩態。當身體以葡萄糖的形式吸收能量時,一些會被消耗掉,其餘的會以糖原的形式儲存(主要在肝臟、肌肉細胞中),或在脂肪組織中以甘油三酯的形式儲存。[18]
葡萄糖的攝入和能量消耗的不平衡已被證明會導致脂肪細胞肥大和增生,從而導致肥胖。[19]此外,脂肪細胞中GLUT4基因的突變也會導致脂肪細胞中GLUT4表達增加,從而增加葡萄糖攝取,從而儲存更多脂肪。如果GLUT4過度表達,它實際上會改變營養分配並將過量的葡萄糖輸送到脂肪組織中,從而導致脂肪組織質量增加。[19]
調節
胰島素
隨着血液中葡萄糖濃度的增加,胰島素從胰腺釋放並進入血流。[20]胰島素儲存在胰腺的胰島β細胞中。當血液中的葡萄糖與胰島β細胞膜上的葡萄糖受體結合時,信號級聯會在細胞內啟動,導致儲存在這些細胞的囊泡中的胰島素被釋放到血流中。[21]胰島素水平升高導致細胞吸收葡萄糖。GLUT4儲存在細胞的運輸囊泡中,當胰島素與膜受體結合時,它會迅速摻入細胞的質膜中。[18]
在低胰島素條件下,大多數GLUT4被隔離在肌肉和脂肪細胞的細胞內囊泡中。當囊泡與質膜融合時,GLUT4轉運蛋白被插入並可用於轉運葡萄糖以及葡萄糖吸收增加。[22]基因工程肌肉胰島素受體敲除(MIRKO)小鼠被設計為對胰島素引起的葡萄糖攝取不敏感,這意味着GLUT4不存在。然而,發現患有糖尿病或空腹高血糖症的小鼠對不敏感的負面影響具有免疫力。[23]
GLUT4的機制是級聯效應的一個例子,其中配體與膜受體的結合會放大信號並引起細胞反應。在這種情況下,胰島素以二聚體形式與胰島素受體結合併激活受體的酪氨酸激酶結構域。然後受體募集胰島素受體底物1(IRS1),它結合磷酸肌醇3-激酶。磷酸肌醇3-激酶將膜脂PIP2轉化為PIP3。PIP3被蛋白激酶B和PDK1特別識別,PDK1可以磷酸化並激活PKB。磷酸化後,PKB處於活性形式並磷酸化TBC1D4,從而抑制與TBC1D4相關的三磷酸鳥苷酶激活結構域,從而使Rab蛋白從其二磷酸鳥苷變為三磷酸鳥苷結合狀態。三磷酸鳥苷酶激活結構域的抑制使級聯中的下一個蛋白質以其活性形式存在,並刺激GLUT4在質膜上表達。[24]
RAC1是一種三磷酸鳥苷,也被胰島素激活。Rac1刺激皮質肌動蛋白細胞骨架的重組,[25]從而允許GLUT4囊泡插入質膜。[26][27]RAC1基因敲除小鼠肌肉組織中的葡萄糖攝取減少。[27]
GLUT4雜合子基因敲除小鼠的肌肉會出現胰島素抵抗以及糖尿病。[28]
肌肉收縮
肌肉收縮刺激肌肉細胞將GLUT4受體轉移到它們的表面。在心肌中尤其如此,連續收縮會增加GLUT4易位率;但在較小程度上觀察到骨骼肌收縮增加。[29]在骨骼肌中,肌肉收縮使GLUT4易位增加數倍,[30]這可能受RAC1[31][32]和一磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶的調節。[33]
肌肉拉伸
肌肉拉伸還通過RAC1刺激齧齒動物肌肉中的GLUT4易位和葡萄糖攝取。[34]
相互作用
GLUT4已被證明與死亡相關蛋白6(也稱為Daxx)相互作用。用於調節細胞凋亡的Daxx已被證明與細胞質中的GLUT4相關。UBX結構域,例如在GLUT4中發現的結構域,已被證明與凋亡信號有關。[35]因此,這種相互作用有助於Daxx在細胞內的易位。[36]
此外,最近的報道表明在海馬體等中樞神經系統中存在GLUT4基因。此外,海馬體中胰島素刺激的GLUT4運輸受損導致海馬體神經元的代謝活動和可塑性降低,從而導致抑鬱樣行為和認知功能障礙。[37][38][39]
交互式路徑圖
Template:GlycolysisGluconeogenesis WP534
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- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
Buchberger_2001
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Lalioti VS, Vergarajauregui S, Pulido D, Sandoval IV. The insulin-sensitive glucose transporter, GLUT4, interacts physically with Daxx. Two proteins with capacity to bind Ubc9 and conjugated to SUMO1. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. May 2002, 277 (22): 19783–91. PMID 11842083. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110294200 .
- ^ Patel SS, Udayabanu M. Urtica dioica extract attenuates depressive like behavior and associative memory dysfunction in dexamethasone induced diabetic mice. Metabolic Brain Disease. March 2014, 29 (1): 121–30. PMID 24435938. S2CID 10955351. doi:10.1007/s11011-014-9480-0.
- ^ Piroli GG, Grillo CA, Reznikov LR, Adams S, McEwen BS, Charron MJ, Reagan LP. Corticosterone impairs insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT4 in the rat hippocampus. Neuroendocrinology. 2007, 85 (2): 71–80. PMID 17426391. S2CID 38081413. doi:10.1159/000101694.
- ^ Huang CC, Lee CC, Hsu KS. The role of insulin receptor signaling in synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. Chang Gung Medical Journal. 2010, 33 (2): 115–25. PMID 20438663.
外部連結
- 醫學主題詞表(MeSH):GLUT4+Protein
- USCD—Nature molecule pages: The signaling pathway", "GLUT4"; contains a high-resolution network map. Accessed 25 December 2009.