跳至內容

火槍

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  關於其他用法，請見「火槍 (消歧義)」。
記載於《火龍經》上的火槍形象，14世紀末（約1360-1375）

火槍是一種中國古代的火器，最早出現於公元10-12世紀。火槍是所有現代火藥類武器的鼻祖[1]，曾在宋金戰爭期間發揮了巨大作用。它最初是一種附在長柄武器（即「槍」）上的小型煙火式裝置，用於在近戰開始時獲得衝擊優勢[2]。隨着火藥的改進，爆炸物的排放量增加，碎片或彈丸等也被添加，使其具有現代火焰噴射器以及霰彈槍組合的一些效果，但射程非常短（約3公尺或10英尺），而且只有一發子彈（一些設計可擊發兩次）。至13世紀末期，火槍的槍管已轉變為金屬材料，以更好地承受爆炸衝擊波，並且槍頭的尖刺設計被放棄，轉而成為僅依靠火藥擊發完成攻擊的純火器。這些武器日後演變為了最早的手銃[3]。

名稱

根據使用王朝的不同以及構造等若干差異方面，火槍在當時有着包括「突火槍」、「梨花槍」、「火門槍」、「槍砲」等不同的名稱。此外，因為現代漢語裡的小型火器亦以「槍」一詞通稱，「火槍」一詞在現代漢語裡既可以表示步槍時代以前的早期火器（特別是鳥銃等），也可以用於指代後來所有的近現代槍支，在這種場合下一般將前者替稱為「火矛槍」以作區分。

設計

參見：火箭 (古代)

最早出現的火槍由一根通常是竹子的管子組成，裡面裝有火藥和一根慢火柴，綁在長矛或其他長柄武器上。 一旦點燃，火藥管就會向矛頭方向噴射出一股火焰。 後來將鐵丸或陶器碎片等射彈添加到火藥中。 發射時，火藥裝藥將彈丸與火焰一起噴射出來[4]。

金屬火槍管出現在13世紀中葉左右，並且不再捆綁於槍上，開始獨立於長槍本身而使用。獨立出來的金屬炮管被稱為「eruptor」，成為手銃的前身[4]。

在歐洲，以木管制造的火槍版本曾被使用[5]。

圖集

  • 茅元儀所著的《武備志》上記載之火槍，1621年
    茅元儀所著的《武備志》上記載之火槍，1621年
  • 「沖陣火葫蘆」，在火藥爆炸中釋放鉛丸的多類火槍之一，來自《火龍經》的插圖。
    「沖陣火葫蘆」，在火藥爆炸中釋放鉛丸的多類火槍之一，來自《火龍經》的插圖。
  • 記載於《火龍經》上的「神行破陣猛火刀牌」，約1360-1375，裝載有火槍的移動盾牌，用於破壞敵人的陣型
    記載於《火龍經》上的「神行破陣猛火刀牌」，約1360-1375，裝載有火槍的移動盾牌，用於破壞敵人的陣型
  • 揮舞着火槍的騎士，約1396
    揮舞着火槍的騎士，約1396
  • Illustrations of fire lances from De la pirotechnia by Vannoccio Biringuccio 約1540.
    Illustrations of fire lances from De la pirotechnia by Vannoccio Biringuccio 約1540.

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Andrade 2016，第35頁.
  2. ^ Andrade 2016，第38頁.
  3. ^ Andrade 2016，第33頁.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Andrade 2016，第51頁.
  5. ^ Brown, Ruth Rhynas. Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period. Journal of the Ordnance Society. 2005, 17: 25–36. 

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外部連結

  • Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
  • Medieval Chinese Armies, 1260-1520 (Men-at-arms S.) by Chris J. Peers. ISBN 1-85532-599-3
  • Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=火枪&oldid=81385398」