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泥濘道路季

維基百科，自由的百科全書
俄國畫家薩伏拉索夫在1894描畫出的泥濘道路風景圖

泥濘道路季、翻漿期（來自俄語：распу́тица，IPA：[rɐsˈputʲɪtsə] ，「解凍」的意思，烏克蘭語：бездоріжжя，意為 "沒路的情況"）是指東歐黑土上的一個季節，在每年的春季（3月中旬至4月底）與秋季（大約10月中旬至11月底），由於春天融雪或秋天下雨而造成的泥濘，使在泥土路上行走變得困難，因此戰爭時可使敵人陷入泥潭，又稱為泥將軍。[1]

詞源

在俄語，術語rasputitsa 、рас- (ras-)、不愉快、+ путь (put)、旅行、+ -ица (-itsa) 指的是春季或秋季，也指這段時期的路況。 [2]

在烏克蘭語 бездоріжжя，bezdorizhzhia，roadlessness ( 讀音ⓘ</img>讀音ⓘ) 通常指春季，但也可指秋季，因雨水或融雪，令、軌道、小徑或任何排水不良的越野區域上的把路線變成無法通行的深泥時。 [3]

影響

民事

該術語適用於白俄羅斯、俄羅斯和烏克蘭的泥濘路況，這是由於該地區粘土般的土壤排水不良造成的。在此期間，俄羅斯某些地區的道路受到重量限制和封閉。這現象亦是蘇聯在20世紀初發展的其中一個障礙，因為近四成的農村使用泥路[4]。

戰爭時期

俄羅斯的泥濘道路季在戰時具有巨大的防禦優勢[5][6]，被稱為泥將軍。

在13世紀蒙古入侵期間，春季的解凍可能使諾夫哥羅德免於被征服和洗劫。 [7]在1812年拿破崙入侵俄羅斯帝國期間，泥漿也是對法軍一個很大的障礙[5] [6]。

在第二次世界大戰期間，長達數月的泥濘時期減緩了納粹德軍在莫斯科戰役（1941年10月 - 1942年1月）期間向蘇聯的推進，並可能有助於把蘇聯首都免於被納粹德國占領。 [8]納粹德軍使用的閃擊戰因此被揭露破綻：雖然坦克可以在夏季或冬季有效運行，但它們在春季和秋季因泥濘的影響就不太有用[9]。

在俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭之前，一些分析人士認為，春季的泥漿路會對後勤產生挑戰，並有可能阻礙大規模的侵佔[10]。果如所料，俄軍在入侵後發現他們許多的機動步兵都被困在田野裡，使他們被僅限於使用主要道路進攻，所以大大減緩了俄軍向基輔和其他方向的推進[11][12]。

畫廊

參見

參考

  1. ^ 俄軍戰車糗被「泥將軍」打敗　烏軍開挖諷：把坦克種在地上. 東森新聞. 2022-03-30 [5 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-08）. 
  2. ^ Siegelbaum, Lewis H. Cars for Comrades: The Life of the Soviet Automobile. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 2011: 309 [2016-12-18]. ISBN 9780801461484. 
  3. ^ Hambling, David. Mud season in Ukraine leaves Russian tanks stuck in more. The Guardian. 2022-04-12 [2022-09-01]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-06）. 
  4. ^ Siegelbaum, Lewis H. Cars for Comrades: The Life of the Soviet Automobile. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 2011: 309 [2016-12-18]. ISBN 9780801461484. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 FAQ regarding what made Napoleon fail in invading Russia （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Napoleon -series website
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Thiers, M. Adolphe. History of the Consulate and the Empire of France under Napoleon IV. 由D. Forbes Campbell翻譯. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1864: 243 [2022-09-01]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-06）. whilst it was almost impossible to drag the gun-carriages through the half-frozen mud  (regarding November 20, 1812)
  7. ^ May, Timothy Michael (編). The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. Empires of the World 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 2016: 65 [21 August 2019]. ISBN 9781610693400. During the Mongol invasion of the Rus' principalities in 1238-1240, Novgorod escaped destruction by the Mongols due to an early spring, which transformed the routes to Novgorod into a muddy bog. 
  8. ^ Overy, Richard. Russia's War. London: Penguin. 1997: 113–114. ISBN 1-57500-051-2. Both sides now struggled in the autumn mud. On October 6 [1941] the first snow had fallen, unusually early. It soon melted, turning the whole landscape into its habitual trackless state – the rasputitsa, literally the 『time without roads』.... It is commonplace to attribute the German failure to take Moscow to the sudden change in the weather. While it is certainly true that German progress slowed, it had already been slowing because of the fanatical resistance of Soviet forces and the problem of moving supplies over the long distances through occupied territory. The mud slowed the Soviet build-up also, and hampered the rapid deployment of men and machines. 
  9. ^ Pinkus, Oscar. The War Aims and Strategies of Adolf Hitler. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 2005: 241 [21 August 2019]. ISBN 9780786420544. By the time the Germans approached their major objectives such as Rostov, Moscow, or Leningrad the campaigning season was over and Barbarossa was off his horse. [...] [Hitler] had not planned to fight in Russia during the fall and winter. He had stated in his Directive No. 21 that this was to be a 'lightning campaign' to be won in two to four months maximum. [...] the cause of failure was the proposition that the Soviet Union could and would be defeated in a blitzkrieg. 
  10. ^ Will Ukraine’s muddy ground halt Russian tanks?. The Economist. 7 February 2022 [5 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-15）. 
  11. ^ Roza, David. ‘Tanks and mud are not friends’ — Ukraine’s terrain is proving to be a problem for Russian armor. Task & Purpose. 2 March 2022 [5 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-24）. 
  12. ^ Ukraine: Why has Russia's 64km convoy near Kyiv stopped moving?. BBC News. 4 March 2022 [5 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-04）. 
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