東南亞地塊
東南亞地塊（英語：Southeast Asian Massif）或譯為東南亞高地、東南亞山地，是人類學家讓·米肖（Jean Michaud）於1997年提出的地理區域概念[2][3]。該概念旨在討論居住在亞洲大陸東南部大約300米以上的土地上人類社會的問題，因此不僅限於傳統的東南亞山地地區。它涉及10個國家或地區：中國西南部、印度東北部、孟加拉國東部、緬甸、泰國、越南、老撾、柬埔寨、馬來半島和台灣的高山地帶。在這些限制範圍內的人口約為1億，這還不包括過去幾個世紀來在這片高地周圍定居的其他居民。
東南亞地塊的概念在地理上與2002年威廉·范申德爾提出的佐米域（Zomia；源於生活於緬印交界的佐（米）族）的東部部分重疊。相對於佐米域強調對該地區歷史和政治詮釋，東南亞地塊更多地被視為地區和社會空間[4]。
有提議將東南亞地塊單列為亞洲研究的一個細分領域，因為這一地區長期歸屬於不同政體，且皆為弱勢和邊緣化的地帶，因此常常在國別研究內欠缺關注。
文化和現狀
東南亞地塊的地理、政治和文化樣貌皆頗為破碎多元，分屬多國的控制[5]。東南亞地塊從未統一，甚至從未歸屬於同一政治或文化圈；當地長久維持着類似於歐洲封建制度的世襲領主統治[6]。
東南亞地塊長期是其低地宗主的人力物力儲備地，及與他國的緩衝地[7]。
有調查表明，東南亞地塊的住民普遍身為所在國的「少數人群」，其地位傾向於邊緣化，有着與主流人群不同的認同感和地理上的邊緣感。學者泰瑞·蘭博（Terry Rambo）從越南的角度出發，稱之為「迷幻的噩夢[8]」。
學者讓·米肖（Jean Michaud）指出，東南亞地塊的住民經常被稱呼為「國家少數群體」，而米肖質疑這個詞彙，首先並不應冠以「國家」，因為高地居民是跨國群體，且不應以「少數」形容，因為其總規模並不少數；甚至「群體」一詞也有問題，因為這些人群並不足以構成有凝聚力的團體[9][10]。
參考資料
- ^ Michaud, J. 2010, Zomia and Beyond. Journal of Global History, 5(2): 205.
- ^ Michaud J., 1997, "Economic transformation in a Hmong village of Thailand." Human Organization 56(2) : 222-232.
- ^ Michaud, Jean; Meenaxi B. Ruscheweyh; Margaret B. Swain, 2016. Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif. Second Edition. Lanham • Boulder • New York • London, Rowman & Littlefield, 594p.
- ^ Willem van Schendel, 'Geographies of knowing, geographies of ignorance: jumping scale in Southeast Asia', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 20, 6, 2002, pp. 647–68.
- ^ Herman, Amid the Clouds and Mist. Robert D. Jenks, Insurgency and Social Disorder in Guizhou. The Miao Rebellion, 1854-1873. Honolulu (HA), U. of Hawaii Press, 1994. Claudine Lombard-Salmon, Un exemple d』acculturation chinoise : la province du Guizhou au XVIIIe siècle. Paris, Publication de l』École Française d』Extrême-Orient, vol. LXXXIV, 1972 .
- ^ See Michaud J. , 2016 "Seeing the Forest for the Trees: Scale, Magnitude, and Range in the Southeast Asian Massif." Pp. 1-40 in Michaud, Jean; Meenaxi B. Ruscheweyh; and Margaret B. Swain, Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the South-East Asian Massif. Second Edition. Lanham • Boulder • New York • London: Rowman & Littlefield.
- ^ Lim, Territorial Power Domains. Andrew Walker, The Legend of the Golden Boat Regulation, Trade and Traders in the Borderlands of Laos, Thailand, China and Burma. Honolulu: U. of Hawaii Press, 1999.
- ^ A.T. Rambo, 『Development Trends In Vietnam’s Northern Mountain Region』, In D. Donovan, A.T.Rambo, J. Fox And Le Trong Cuc (Eds.) Development Trends In Vietnam’s Northern Mountainous Region. Hanoi: National Political Publishing House, pp.5-52, 1997, p. 8.
- ^ Michaud, Jean. Introduction. Historical Dictionary of the Peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif. Historical Dictionaries of Peoples and Cultures #4. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. April 2006: 4 [September 8, 2011]. ISBN 978-0-8108-5466-6. （原始內容存檔於2007-12-14）.
For this dictionary, a compromise solution has been adopted, which was to accept official national ethnonyms but correct mistakes whenever possible and cross-reference to alternative names. Close to 200 ethnonyms thus have their own entries, which is the largest number the relatively humble format of this series allows.
- ^ Michaud, Jean. Editorial – Zomia and beyond*. Journal of Global History 5, London School of Economics and Political Science (Université Laval). 2010, 5 (2): 187–214. doi:10.1017/S1740022810000057
. This editorial develops two themes. First, it discusses how historical and anthropological approaches can relate to each other, in the field of the highland margins of Asia and beyond. Second, it explores how we might further our understandings of the uplands of Asia by applying different terms such as 『Haute-Asie’, the 『Southeast Asian Massif』, the 『Hindu Kush–Himalayan region』, the 'Himalayan Massif', and in particular 'Zomia', a neologism gaining popularity with the publication of James C. Scott's latest book....
