星際分子列表
星際分子列表列出已在星際物質和星周包層中被檢測出的分子,並依照組成原子的數目分組。每一種分子均附其化學式,若有離子型式也會一併列出。
發現
本列表中的所有分子都是透過分光學檢測出來的。這些分子的光譜特徵是由不同能級之間組成電子的躍遷,或是通過旋轉、振動光譜產生的,多數會在光譜的無線電波、微波或紅外線部分被偵測出來[1]。
星際分子是由非常稀疏的星際或星周雲內的塵埃和氣體經化學反應而形成的,大部分時候於分子與宇宙射線相互作用、被電離時發生。射線中帶正電的質點會以靜電力吸引鄰近的中性粒子。反應也可以在中性的原子和分子之間發生,但進行的比較緩慢[2]。塵埃在使分子免受恆星發出的紫外線輻射的電離效應上具有關鍵作用[3]。
歷史
生命的化學反應可能開始於距今約138億年前的大霹靂不久之後、宇宙進入一段適居時期時,當時宇宙的年齡約只有1億至1.7億年[4][5]。
在星際物質中檢測到的第一個含碳分子是甲炔(CH•),於1937年首次被檢測出來[6]。之後的20世紀70年代早期的一些證據顯示,宇宙塵埃是由數量眾多的複雜有機分子(COMs,可能是聚合物)所組成的[7]。天體物理學家錢德拉·維克拉瑪辛赫以甲醛分子為基礎提出聚合化合物存在於星際空間中的可能[8];維克拉瑪辛赫並與弗雷德·霍伊爾據2175 Å的紫外線消光吸收分析鑑定出了雙環芳香族化合物的存在,從而證明了星際空間中存在著多環芳香烴分子[9]。
2004年,科學家在自紅矩形星雲發射的紫外線中檢測出了蒽和芘的光譜特徵,此等複雜的分子之前從未在外太空中被發現[10]。學界多認為此一發現證實了當與紅矩形星雲相同類型的星雲接近生命盡頭時,星雲核心中的碳和氫將因對流作用被束縛在恆星風中並向外輻射的假設[11]:當冷卻時,原子會彼此結合,最終形成含有百萬顆以上原子的大型分子。科學家們並推斷,既然多環芳香烴是在星雲中被發現的,那其必然也是產生於星雲之中[10][11]。
2010年,富勒烯(又稱為「巴克球」)在星雲中被檢測出來[12]。富勒烯與生命起源有著一定的關係;天文學家萊蒂西亞·史坦赫利尼(Letizia Stanghellini)表示:「來自外太空的巴克球有可能為地球上的生命發展提供了種子。」[13]2019年4月,科學家透過哈伯太空望遠鏡觀測星際物質時,在恆星間偵測到了大型、複雜的離子化巴克明斯特富勒烯(C60)分子[14][15]。
2011年,科學家們利用光譜學發現,含有複雜有機化合物(「具有芳香族-脂肪族混合結構的無定形有機固體」)的宇宙塵埃可自然、快速地由恆星產生[16][17][18]。這些分子的化學結構非常複雜,其複雜程度已可與煤和石油的化學成分相比;之前學界普遍認為具有這種複雜程度的化學物質僅能由生物體產生[16]。觀察結果表明,由星際塵埃粒子引入地球的有機化合物基於其表面催化活性可以作為生命的基本要素[19][20]。其中一位科學家並認為這些化合物可能與地球上的生命發展相關,並表示:「如果這一假設為真,則地球上的生命可能會比我們想像的更容易萌芽,因為這些有機物可以作為生命的組成基礎。」[16]
2012年8月,哥本哈根大學的天文學家在一個遙遠星系中的原恆星周圍發現了乙醇醛(一種有機化合物);此恆星的編號為IRAS 16293-2422,距離地球約400光年[21][22]。乙醇醛是組成核糖核酸的必要物質之一,而核糖核酸可在遺傳編碼、轉譯、調控及基因表現等過程中發揮作用。這一發現表明複雜的有機分子可能在行星形成之前即在恆星系統中產生,並最終到達正在發展的早期行星上[23]。
2012年9月,美國國家航空暨太空總署的科學家提出報告,認為多環芳香烴在星際物質環境中會經氫化、氧化及羥基化等作用形成更複雜的有機化合物,「逐步向形成核苷酸和胺基酸(分別為蛋白質和去氧核醣核酸)的道路前進」[24][25]。此外,在轉變的過程中,多環芳香烴物質將喪失其光譜特徵,「或許就是為什麼在星際冰(尤其是寒冷、濃密的星雲)及原行星盤的上部分子層中很少偵測到多環芳香烴存在的原因之一」[24][25]。
多環芳香烴在宇宙中隨處可見[26]。2013年6月,多環芳香烴在土星最大的衛星土衛六(俗稱「泰坦」)上被偵測出來[27]。
2013年8月,里茲大學的德威恩·赫德(Dwayne Heard)認為量子力學中的量子穿隧效應可以解釋他的實驗小組觀察到的現象:冷羥基(溫度約63克耳文)和甲醇分子之間突破了分子內的能壘,導致兩種物質之間的反應發生率明顯高於預期。在不考慮量子效應時,此分子能壘一般需在較高溫度的環境中透過熱能或電離作用克服。量子穿隧效應有助於解釋複雜分子(由數十個以上的原子所組成)於星際空間中的存在[28]。
2015年3月,NASA的科學家報告其實驗室已成功利用嘧啶(常見於隕石中)等基本化學物質,在外太空模擬環境下生成包括尿嘧啶、胞嘧啶和胸腺嘧啶在內的DNA和RNA等複雜有機化合物。據科學家的說法,嘧啶的形成過程與多環芳香烴相似,可能是在紅巨星、星際塵埃或氣體雲中生成的[29]。
2016年10月,天文學家稱甲炔、碳氫正離子(CH+)和碳離子(C+)等生命形成所需的基本要素大部分是自恆星發出的紫外線中產生的,而非像之前料想的與超新星和年輕恆星擾動相關的事件等其他生成途徑[30][31]。
人馬座B2是宇宙中星際分子含量最豐富的區域之一。人馬座B2是一個由氣體和塵埃組成的分子雲,橫躺在銀河系的中心附近,常成為天文學的研究標的。本列表中大約有一半的分子最初都是在人馬座B2內被發現的,而幾乎所有已知的星際分子目前也都能在此處檢測出來[32]。另一個常作為星際分子調查來源的地點是獅子座CW(即IRC +10216星),有多達50種分子在那裡被檢測出來[33]。
理論模型
要解釋觀察到的異構物的比例,就必須運用最小能量原理。在大多數情況中,最小能量原理能夠解釋為何某些分子因為總能量較低的緣故在星際空間的含量較其異構物豐富,不過也有一些例外存在[34]。這些例外有些可以利用其他分子參數解決,例如偶極極化率(dipole polarizabilty)也會影響異構物的豐度:極化率較低的分子在星際空間的含量會比平均極化率較高的分子更豐富[35]。此現象的成因來自於與宇宙中各種輻射原理相似之極化率與外部電場下分子行為的相關性。
另一種解釋則完全忽略能量問題,只處理透過資訊熵指數(information entropy index)計算的分子複雜性。此解釋推測一些分子的組成物質參數值(如尿素、嘧啶、二羥基丙酮、尿嘧啶、胞嘧啶、甘氨酸和丙氨酸等)因落入已知星際分子典型值的範圍內,使這些分子在星際環境中被發現的可能性較其他分子要高。此外,資訊熵大的分子,即那些結構最複雜的分子,占有星際集合的一半之多,其百分比隨著分子大小而遞減。此一趨勢也有可能與分子化學結構之均勻度和穩定性的不同有關,因為大尺寸的可檢測分子更可能擁有對稱而非不對稱的分子結構。實際觀察中檢測到的大量低熵、結構高度對稱的富勒烯分子為這一假設提供了支持理據。另外,資訊熵也反映了物質的氫化深度:資訊熵大的分子缺少氫氣組成,而其他多數分子皆含有大量的氫[36]。
分子列表
下列出已在星際物質和星周包層中被檢測出的分子,並依照組成原子的數目分組。每一種分子均附其化學式,若有離子型式也會一併列出。若該分子只有離子型式被檢測出來,或是沒有在科學文獻中定名者,則分子一欄留空。下列表格中質量一格數據採用之計量單位為原子質量單位。每小節標題會列出該小節所含之分子總數。
目前大部分被偵測出的星際分子都是有機化合物。在所有組成原子數目達五個以上的分子中,只有甲矽烷(SiH4)是無機化合物,其他分子都具有至少一個碳原子,而沒有N-N或O-O鍵[37]。
雙原子(44)
分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
---|---|---|---|---|
AlCl | Aluminium monochloride[39][40] | 一氯化鋁 | 62.5 | - |
AlF | Aluminium monofluoride[39][41] | 一氟化鋁 | 46 | - |
AlO | Aluminium monoxide[42] | 一氧化鋁 | 43 | - |
- | Argonium[43][44] | 氬氫離子 | 41 | ArH+ |
C2 | Diatomic carbon[45][46] | 雙原子碳 | 24 | - |
- | Fluoromethylidynium | 氟化次甲基正離子 | 31 | CF+[47] |
CH | Methylidyne radical[30][48] | 次甲基自由基 | 13 | CH+[49] |
CN | Cyanogen radical[39][48][50][51] | 氰基自由基 | 26 | CN+[52] CN−[53] |
CO | Carbon monoxide[39][54][55] | 一氧化碳 | 28 | CO+[56] |
CP | Carbon monophosphide[51] | 一磷化碳 | 43 | - |
CS | Carbon monosulfide[39] | 一硫化碳 | 44 | - |
FeO | Iron(II) oxide[57] | 氧化亞鐵 | 82 | - |
- | Helium hydride ion[58][59] | 氦合氫離子 | 5 | HeH+ |
H2 | Molecular hydrogen[60] | 氫分子 | 2 | - |
HCl | Hydrogen chloride[61] | 氯化氫 | 36.5 | HCl+[62] |
HF | Hydrogen fluoride[63] | 氟化氫 | 20 | - |
HO | Hydroxyl radical[39] | 羥基自由基 | 17 | OH+[64] |
KCl | Potassium chloride[39][40] | 氯化鉀 | 75.5 | - |
NH | Imidogen[65][66] | 一氫化氮 | 15 | - |
N2 | Molecular nitrogen[67][68] | 氮分子 | 28 | - |
NO | Nitric oxide[69] | 一氧化氮 | 30 | NO+[52] |
NS | Sulfur mononitride[39] | 一氮化硫 | 46 | - |
NaCl | Sodium chloride[39][40] | 氯化鈉 | 58.5 | - |
- | Magnesium monohydride cation | 一氫化鎂正離子 | 25.3 | MgH+[52] |
NaI | Sodium iodide[70] | 碘化鈉 | 150 | - |
O2 | Molecular oxygen[71] | 氧分子 | 32 | - |
PN | Phosphorus mononitride[72] | 一氮化磷 | 45 | - |
PO | Phosphorus monoxide[73] | 一氧化磷 | 47 | - |
SH | Sulfur monohydride[74] | 一氫化硫 | 33 | SH+[75] |
SO | Sulfur monoxide[39] | 一氧化硫 | 48 | SO+[49] |
SiC | Carborundum[39][76] | 碳化矽 | 40 | - |
SiN | Silicon mononitride[39] | 一氮化矽 | 42 | - |
SiO | Silicon monoxide[39] | 一氧化矽 | 44 | - |
SiS | Silicon monosulfide[39] | 一硫化矽 | 60 | - |
TiO | Titanium(II) oxide[77] | 一氧化鈦 | 63.9 | - |
三原子(41)
分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
---|---|---|---|---|
AlNC | Aluminium isocyanide[39] | 異氰化鋁(I) | 53 | - |
AlOH | Aluminium hydroxide[80] | 氫氧化鋁(I) | 44 | - |
C3 | Tricarbon[81][82] | 三碳 | 36 | - |
C2H | Ethynyl radical[39][50] | 乙炔基 | 25 | - |
CCN | Cyanomethylidyne[83] | - | 38 | - |
C2O | Dicarbon monoxide[84] | 一氧化二碳 | 40 | - |
C2S | Thioxoethenylidene[85] | 一硫化二碳 | 56 | - |
C2P | -[86] | - | 55 | - |
CO2 | Carbon dioxide[87] | 二氧化碳 | 44 | - |
FeCN | Iron cyanide[88] | 氰化鐵 | 82 | - |
- | Protonated molecular hydrogen | 三氫正離子 | 3 | H+ 3[78][79] |
H2C | Methylene radical[89] | 甲烯 | 14 | - |
- | Chloronium | 氯鎓離子 | 37.5 | H2Cl+[90] |
H2O | Water[91] | 水 | 18 | H2O+[92] |
HO2 | Hydroperoxyl[93] | 超氧化氫 | 33 | - |
H2S | Hydrogen sulfide[39] | 硫化氫 | 34 | - |
HCN | Hydrogen cyanide[39][50][94] | 氰化氫 | 27 | - |
HNC | Hydrogen isocyanide[95][96] | 異氫氰酸 | 27 | - |
HCO | Formyl radical[97] | 甲酰基 | 29 | HCO+[49][97][98] |
HCP | Phosphaethyne[99] | 磷雜乙炔 | 44 | - |
HCS | Thioformyl[100] | 硫甲醯基 | 45 | HCS+[49][98] |
- | Diazenylium[98][49][101] | 二亞胺氮鎓離子 | 29 | HN+ 2 |
HNO | Nitroxyl[102] | 次硝酸 | 31 | - |
- | Isoformyl | - | 29 | HOC+[50] |
HSC | Isothioformyl[100] | - | 45 | - |
KCN | Potassium cyanide[39] | 氰化鉀 | 65 | - |
MgCN | Magnesium cyanide[39] | 氰化鎂(I) | 50 | - |
MgNC | Magnesium isocyanide[39] | 異氰化鎂(I) | 50 | - |
NH2 | Amino radical[103] | 氨基自由基 | 16 | - |
N2O | Nitrous oxide[104] | 一氧化二氮 | 44 | - |
NaCN | Sodium cyanide[39] | 氰化鈉 | 49 | - |
NaOH | Sodium hydroxide[105] | 氫氧化鈉 | 40 | - |
OCS | Carbonyl sulfide[106] | 羰基硫 | 60 | - |
O3 | Ozone[107] | 臭氧 | 48 | - |
SO2 | Sulfur dioxide[39][108] | 二氧化硫 | 64 | - |
c-SiC2 | c-Silicon dicarbide[39][76] | c-二碳化矽 | 52 | - |
SiCSi | Disilicon carbide[109] | - | 68 | - |
SiCN | Silicon carbonitride[110] | 碳氮化矽 | 54 | - |
SiNC | -[111] | - | 54 | - |
TiO2 | Titanium dioxide[77] | 二氧化鈦 | 79.9 | - |
四原子(28)
分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH3 | Methyl radical[113] | 甲基 | 15 | - |
l-C3H | Propynylidyne[39][114] | - | 37 | l-C3H+[115] |
c-C3H | Cyclopropynylidyne[116] | 環丙炔基 | 37 | - |
C3N | Cyanoethynyl[117] | 氰乙基 | 50 | C3N−[118] |
C3O | Tricarbon monoxide[114] | 一氧化三碳 | 52 | - |
C3S | Tricarbon sulfide[39][85] | 一硫化三碳 | 68 | - |
- | Hydronium | 水合氫離子 | 19 | H3O+[119] |
C2H2 | Acetylene[120] | 乙炔 | 26 | - |
H2CN | Methylene amidogen[121] | - | 28 | H2CN+[49] |
H2CO | Formaldehyde[112] | 甲醛 | 30 | - |
H2CS | Thioformaldehyde[122] | 硫代甲醛 | 46 | - |
HCCN | -[123] | - | 39 | - |
HCCO | Ketenyl[124] | 乙烯酮 | 41 | - |
- | Protonated hydrogen cyanide | 質子化的氰化氫 | 28 | HCNH+[98] |
- | Protonated carbon dioxide | 質子化的二氧化碳 | 45 | HOCO+[125] |
HCNO | Fulminic acid[126] | 雷酸 | 43 | - |
HOCN | Cyanic acid[127] | 氰酸 | 43 | - |
CNCN | Isocyanogen[128] | 異氰 | 52 | - |
HOOH | Hydrogen peroxide[129] | 過氧化氫 | 34 | - |
HNCO | Isocyanic acid[108] | 異氰酸 | 43 | - |
HNCS | Isothiocyanic acid[130] | 異硫氰酸 | 59 | - |
NH3 | Ammonia[39][131] | 氨 | 17 | - |
HSCN | Thiocyanic acid[132] | 硫氰酸 | 59 | - |
SiC3 | Silicon tricarbide[39] | 三碳化矽 | 64 | - |
HMgNC | Hydromagnesium isocyanide[133] | 異氰化氫鎂 | 51.3 | - |
HNO2 | Nitrous acid[134] | 亞硝酸 | 47 | - |
五原子(20)
分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
---|---|---|---|---|
- | Ammonium ion[136][137] | 銨離子 | 18 | NH+ 4 |
CH4 | Methane[138] | 甲烷 | 16 | - |
CH3O | Methoxy radical[139] | 甲氧基 | 31 | - |
c-C3H2 | Cyclopropenylidene[50][140][141] | 環丙烯亞基[142](又譯為亞環丙烯基自由基) | 38 | - |
l-H2C3 | Propadienylidene[141] | 亞丙二烯基 | 38 | - |
H2CCN | Cyanomethyl[143] | 氰甲基自由基 | 40 | - |
H2C2O | Ketene[108] | 乙烯酮 | 42 | - |
H2CNH | Methylenimine[144] | 甲亞胺 | 29 | - |
HNCNH | Carbodiimide[145] | 碳二亞胺 | 42 | - |
- | Protonated formaldehyde | 質子化的甲醛 | 31 | H2COH+[146] |
C4H | Butadiynyl[39] | 丁二炔基 | 49 | C4H−[147] |
HC3N | Cyanoacetylene[39][50][98][148][149] | 氰基乙炔 | 51 | - |
HCC-NC | Isocyanoacetylene[150] | 異氰基乙炔 | 51 | - |
HCOOH | Formic acid[151][148] | 甲酸 | 46 | - |
NH2CN | Cyanamide[152] | 氨基氰 | 42 | - |
- | Protonated cyanogen | 質子化的氰 | 53 | NCCNH+[153] |
HC(O)CN | Cyanoformaldehyde[154] | 甲醯腈 | 55 | - |
C5 | Linear C5[155] | 五碳 | 60 | - |
SiC4 | Silicon-carbide cluster[76] | 碳化矽簇合物 | 92 | - |
SiH4 | Silane[156] | 矽烷 | 32 | - |
六原子(16)
分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
---|---|---|---|---|
c-H2C3O | Cyclopropenone[158] | 環丙烯酮 | 54 | - |
E-HNCHCN | E-Cyanomethanimine[159] | - | 54 | - |
C2H4 | Ethylene[160] | 乙烯 | 28 | - |
CH3CN | Acetonitrile[108][161][162] | 乙腈 | 40 | - |
CH3NC | Methyl isocyanide[161] | 甲基異氰 | 40 | - |
CH3OH | Methanol[108][163] | 甲醇 | 32 | - |
CH3SH | Methanethiol[164] | 甲基硫醇 | 48 | - |
l-H2C4 | Diacetylene[39][165] | 丁二炔 | 50 | - |
- | Protonated cyanoacetylene | 質子化的氰基乙炔 | 52 | HC3NH+[98] |
HCONH2 | Formamide[157] | 甲醯胺 | 44 | - |
C5H | Pentynylidyne[39][85] | 亞戊基 | 61 | - |
C5N | Cyanobutadiynyl radical[166] | 氰基丁二烯基 | 74 | - |
HC2CHO | Propynal[167] | 丙炔醛 | 54 | - |
HC4N | -[39] | - | 63 | - |
CH2CNH | Ketenimine[140] | 氮丙環 | 40 | - |
C5S | -[168] | - | 92 | - |
七原子(11)
分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
---|---|---|---|---|
c-C2H4O | Ethylene oxide[170] | 環氧乙烷 | 44 | - |
CH3C2H | Methylacetylene[50] | 丙炔 | 40 | - |
H3CNH2 | Methylamine[171] | 甲胺 | 31 | - |
CH2CHCN | Acrylonitrile[108][161] | 丙烯腈 | 53 | - |
H2CHCOH | Vinyl alcohol[169] | 乙烯醇 | 44 | - |
C6H | Hexatriynyl radical[39][85] | 己三炔自由基 | 73 | C6H−[141][172] |
HC4CN | Cyanodiacetylene[108][149][161] | 氰基丁二炔 | 75 | - |
HC5O | -[173] | - | 77 | - |
CH3CHO | Acetaldehyde[39][170] | 乙醛 | 44 | - |
CH3NCO | Methyl isocyanate[174] | 異氰酸甲酯 | 57 | - |
HOCH2CN | Glycolonitrile[175] | 羥基乙腈 | 57 | - |
八原子(11)
分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
---|---|---|---|---|
H3CC2CN | Methylcyanoacetylene[177] | 甲基氰基乙炔 | 65 | - |
H2COHCHO | Glycolaldehyde[178] | 乙醇醛 | 60 | - |
HCOOCH3 | Methyl formate[108][148][178] | 甲酸甲酯 | 60 | - |
CH3COOH | Acetic acid[176] | 乙酸 | 60 | - |
H2C6 | Hexapentaenylidene[39][165] | 亞己五烯基 | 74 | - |
CH2CHCHO | Propenal[140] | 丙烯醛 | 56 | - |
CH2CCHCN | Cyanoallene[140][177] | 氰基丙二烯 | 65 | - |
CH3CHNH | Ethanimine[179] | 亞氨基乙烷 | 43 | - |
C7H | Heptatrienyl radical[180] | 庚三烯基自由基 | 85 | - |
NH2CH2CN | Aminoacetonitrile[181] | 氨基乙腈 | 56 | - |
(NH2)2CO | Urea[182] | 尿素 | 60 | - |
九原子(10)
分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH3C4H | Methyldiacetylene[183] | 甲基丁二炔 | 64 | - |
CH3OCH3 | Dimethyl Ether[184] | 二甲醚 | 46 | - |
CH3CH2CN | Propionitrile[39][108][161] | 丙腈 | 55 | - |
CH3CONH2 | Acetamide[140][157] | 乙醯胺 | 59 | - |
CH3CH2OH | Ethanol[185] | 乙醇 | 46 | - |
C8H | Octatetraynyl radical[186] | 辛四炔自由基 | 97 | C8H−[187][188] |
HC7N | Cyanohexatriyne Cyanotriacetylene[39][131][189][190] |
氰基己三炔 | 99 | - |
CH3CHCH2 | Propylene Propene[191] |
丙烯 | 42 | - |
CH3CH2SH | Ethyl mercaptan[192] | 乙硫醇 | 62 | - |
超過九個原子(17)
原子數量 | 分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 | 質量 | 離子 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | (CH3)2CO | Acetone[108][193] | 丙酮 | 58 | - |
10 | (CH2OH)2 | Ethylene glycol[194][195] | 乙二醇 | 62 | - |
10 | CH3CH2CHO | Propanal[140] | 丙醛 | 58 | - |
10 | CH3OCH2OH | Methoxymethanol[196] | 甲氧基甲醇 | 62 | - |
10 | CH3C5N | Methylcyanodiacetylene[140] | 甲基氰基丁二炔 | 89 | - |
10 | CH3CHCH2O | Propylene oxide[197] | 環氧丙烷 | 58 | - |
11 | HC8CN | Cyanotetraacetylene[39][189] | 氰基多炔烴 | 123 | - |
11 | C2H5OCHO | Ethyl formate[198] | 甲酸乙酯 | 74 | - |
11 | CH3COOCH3 | Methyl acetate[199] | 乙酸甲酯 | 74 | - |
11 | CH3C6H | Methyltriacetylene[140][183] | 甲基己三炔 | 88 | - |
12 | C6H6 | Benzene[165] | 苯 | 78 | - |
12 | C3H7CN | n-Propyl cyanide[198] | 正丁腈 | 69 | - |
12 | (CH3)2CHCN | iso-Propyl cyanide[200][201] | 異丁腈 | 69 | - |
13 | C 6H 5CN |
Benzonitrile[202] | 苯甲腈 | 104 | - |
13 | HC10CN | Cyanopentaacetylene[189] | 氰基癸五炔 | 147 | - |
60 | C60 | Buckminsterfullerene C60 fullerene[203] |
富勒烯 | 720 | C+ 60[14][15][204][205] |
70 | C70 | C70 fullerene[203] | C70富勒烯 | 840 | - |
含氘原子的分子(20)
原子數量 | 分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 |
---|---|---|---|
2 | HD | Hydrogen deuteride[206][207] | 氘化氫 |
3 | H2D+ HD+ 2 |
Trihydrogen cation[206][207] | 三氫正離子 |
3 | HDO D2O |
Heavy water[208][209] | 重水 |
3 | DCN | Hydrogen cyanide[210] | 氰化氫 |
3 | DCO | Formyl radical[210] | 甲醯基 |
3 | DNC | Hydrogen isocyanide[210] | 異氫氰酸 |
3 | N2D+ | -[210] | - |
4 | NH2D NHD2 ND3 |
Ammonia[207][211][212] | 氨 |
4 | HDCO D2CO |
Formaldehyde[207][213] | 甲醛 |
4 | DNCO | Isocyanic acid[214] | 異氰酸 |
5 | NH3D+ | Ammonium ion[215][216] | 銨離子 |
6 | NH 2CDO NHDCHO |
Formamide[214] | 甲醯胺 |
7 | CH2DCCH CH3CCD |
Methylacetylene[217][218] | 丙炔 |
未經證實的分子(12)
以下分子存在於星際空間中的證據曾在科學文獻中被提及,然而這些證據不是被文獻作者描述為「暫定性的」,就是曾被其他學者所挑戰。這些分子存在於星際空間中的證據仍待更多獨立研究證實。
原子數量 | 分子 | 英文名稱 | 中文名稱 |
---|---|---|---|
2 | SiH | Silylidine[95] | - |
4 | PH3 | Phosphine[219] | 磷化氫 |
4 | MgCCH | Magnesium monoacetylide[168] | 乙炔酸鎂 |
4 | NCCP | Cyanophosphaethyne[168] | 氰基磷雜乙炔 |
5 | H2NCO+ | -[220] | - |
6 | SiH3CN | Silyl cyanide[168] | 氰基甲基矽烷 |
10 | H2NCH2COOH | Glycine[221][222] | 甘氨酸 |
12 | CO(CH2OH)2 | Dihydroxyacetone[223] | 二羥基丙酮 |
12 | C2H5OCH3 | Ethyl methyl ether[224] | 甲乙醚 |
18 | C 10H+ 8 |
Naphthalene cation[225] | 萘正離子 |
24 | C24 | Graphene[226] | 石墨烯 |
24 | C14H10 | Anthracene[10][227] | 蒽 |
26 | C16H10 | Pyrene[10] | 芘 |
參見
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外部連結
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