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族教群體

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身着傳統服裝的雅茲迪女子

族教群體（Ethnoreligious group），又稱民族宗教群體，指有共同宗教信仰背景、依照共同宗教而聯繫起來的族群。從相同的宗教信仰出發，族教群體亦有共同的文化傳統，相信自身有共同祖先[1][2]。

Swierenga 1990給出了「族教群體」（ethnoreligious group）的三大特徵：社會特徵（英語：Social character）、歷史經歷、神學信仰[3]。族教群體在傳統上也往往實行嚴格的內婚制[4]。

定義

總體來說，族教群體的身份認同既來自於祖先血緣，也來自於宗教聯繫，內部共同的歷史和文化傳統亦可劃入宗教範疇。在很多情況下，族教群體可視同有共同民族宗教的族群文化群體（ethno-cultural group）[5][6]。

一些族教群體在某些地區屬於少數群體，其認同感在維持其少數群體地位的過程中有所加強。如果其宗教信仰和某些特定地區有所關聯，那麼族教群體亦可以和族裔民族主義聯繫起來[7]。

舉例

以下群體有可靠來源佐證被視為「民族宗教群體」
民族宗教群體 宗教民族 混合群體

猶太人

主條目：誰是猶太人？、貝塔以色列和以色列之子

在成為巴比倫囚虜之前，以色列人已經是民族宗教群體，可能在何西亞的時代以前就已經發展成熟[35]。

19世紀以來，猶太教改革派的某些神學信條和傳統猶太教相比有了變化；不過近年來改革派又重新恢復了一些傳統習俗。20世紀末以來，改革派在美國猶太人群體中成為主流。美國猶太人的跨族婚姻現象越來越多，試圖令配偶皈依的現象隨之增多，這是傳統猶太教極不提倡的行為[36]。如果一名實行跨族婚姻的猶太人的妻子沒有皈依，改革派會認同父系祖先血脈（傳統猶太教認同母系血脈）。而且，改革派認定跨族婚生的猶太人子女的方式是藉由行為的，即「通過合適且及時的、公開正式的認同猶太信仰和猶太身份的行為[37]」。這令部分猶太人已經不符合「民族宗教群體」之定義。

自20世紀60年代以來，隨着錫安主義的勝利，以色列的國族認同和猶太人認同聯繫起來[38][39]。近年來，有反錫安主義者提出許多理論，試圖證明當代猶太人是皈依者的後裔，主張錫安主義僅是一種現代的非理性種族主義[40]，從而否認現代以色列人的族教群體身份。

法律概念

澳大利亞

澳大利亞法律中，新南威爾士州的1977年反歧視法案（英語：Anti-Discrimination Act 1977）提及的「種族」（race）概念中，包含「族群、族群宗教或國族起源」的定義[41]，其中「民族宗教」（ethno-religious）是1994年修正案中增補的[42]。時任新南威爾士州司法部長約翰·漢納福德（John Hannaford）解釋稱：「這是為了將猶太人、穆斯林和錫克教徒納入反誹謗和歧視條款的保護範疇中……這次延伸不涉及宗教範疇的歧視[26][27]。」

塔斯馬尼亞州的1998年反歧視法案的種族定義和新南威爾士州相同，亦包含族教群體[43]。這一法案同時也針對宗教領域的歧視[44]。

英國

在英國有一樁標誌性的法律案例「曼德拉訴道爾-李案（英語：Mandla v Dowell-Lee）」，為有着宗教聯繫的族群給出了法律定義[45]。猶太人[28][29][30]和錫克人[46][47][48]都在1994年反歧視法案修正案中以族教群體的身份被納入保護範疇[47]。

1994年反歧視法案修正案參考曼德拉訴道爾-李案，將族群（ethnic group）定義為：

  1. 有着悠久的共同歷史的群體，足以將這一群體和其他群體區分開來，令群體延續至今；
  2. 有着自身文化傳統的群體，包括家庭和社會習俗，經常但不一定和宗教有關；除了以上兩點重要特徵外，以下特徵互相關聯：
  3. 有相同的地理來源，或有着共同祖先的；
  4. 有着共同語言的，並不一定是該群體特有；
  5. 有着特有的文學文獻的；
  6. 和周圍其他群體不同的共同的宗教信仰；
  7. 在較大群體中充當少數群體，或是被壓迫或主導性群體的，例如被征服的群體以及征服他們的群體是不同的民族。

參見

參考文獻

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維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：族教群體
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