拉那克山口

拉那克山口
拉那克山口
ལ་ནག་ལ
	拉那克山口拉那克山口在拉達克的位置
海拔	5,466公尺（17,933英尺）
穿過	西藏省道S519
位置	西藏自治區阿里地區日土縣
坐標	34°23′38″N 79°32′21″E / 34.3938°N 79.5391°E

拉那克山口 (藏語：ལ་ནག་ལ，藏語拼音：Lanag La; 漢語拼音:Lā nà kè shānkǒu; 印地語：लानक दर्रा)是在有爭議的阿克賽欽地區的一個山口，印度主張它是中國－印度邊界山口。拉那克山口位於阿克賽欽在察坎山(Chāmkang) 34°25′18″N 79°13′36″E / 34.42167°N 79.22667°E / 34.42167; 79.22667 和Samkang34°24′45″N 79°04′27″E / 34.41250°N 79.07417°E / 34.41250; 79.07417 以南，目前這一部分目前納入中國西藏自治區阿里地區日土縣管轄，最近的村落是距離山口120公里的東汝鄉松西村。

歷史

從1820年起，旅行家William_Moorcroft（英語：William_Moorcroft_(explorer)）證實，拉那克山口曾經是拉達克和西藏之間一個完善的邊界點。^[1]幾位旅行者在19世紀末和20世紀初寫道，印度和西藏之間的傳統邊界在拉那克山口。他們還表示，印度和西藏雙方都接受了邊界。^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] 從羌臣摩河河谷到拉那克山口的地區有大量的查謨和克什米爾政府記錄。除了收入記錄、1908年拉達克定居點報告、幾個調查小組的報告、1951年的查謨和克什米爾野生動物保護法外，還有克什米爾的文件有關在羌臣摩河河谷建設和維護貿易路線、休息室和倉庫。他們都將整個羌臣摩河河谷一直延伸到拉那克山口在拉達克管轄下。^[10]

直到1951年，中國地圖也承認拉那克山口為邊界。^[11]1956 年，中華人民共和國公布了第一張自定義地圖，其中以空喀山口34°20′06″N 79°02′07″E / 34.335°N 79.0353°E / 34.335; 79.0353為界線。直到 1956 年，那裡一直插着印度國旗。^[12]^[13]中國直到1958年6月才出現在拉那克山口地區，當時一支印度巡邏隊沿着羌臣摩河河谷到拉那克山口。^[14]^[15]次年，中國軍隊已滲入羌臣摩河河谷。1959年10月，當印度邊境巡邏隊試圖在空喀山口附近設置哨所時，^[16]^[17]他們遭到中國軍隊的伏擊，其中一些人被殺，另一些人被俘。^[17]中印雙方關於空喀山口事件各執一詞。

一些西方學者，如Larry_Wortzel（英語：Larry_Wortzel）和Allen_S._Whiting（英語：Allen_S._Whiting），似乎支持中國人聲稱空喀山口是西藏「傳統」邊界的說法。^[18]^[19]然而，其他學者指出了中國的不一致之處。^[20]^[21]

歷史地圖

1875年Frederick_Drew（英語：Frederick_Drew）描繪的羌臣摩河河谷。拉納克山口在羌臣摩河河谷的東端被簡單地標記為"山口"，邊界劃定經過該山口。^[22]

參考

^ Richardson, H. E. A Short History of Tibet. E. P. Dutton. 1962: 225. ^{[失效連結]}
^ Wellby, M.S. Through Unknown Tibet. Lippincott. 1898: 78. ISBN 9788120610583.
^ Carey, A. D. A Journey round Chinese Turkistan and along the Northern frontier of Tibet. Proceedings of the Royal Geographic Society. 1887, 9 (12): 731–752 [2022-03-22]. JSTOR 1801130. doi:10.2307/1801130. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-22）.
^ Bower, Hamilton, Diary of A Journey across Tibet, London, 1894
^ Rawling, C. G., The Great Plateau Being An Account Of Exploration In Central Tibet, 1903, And Of The Gartok Expedition 1904-1905, p 38, London, 1905
^ Deasy, H. H. P. Journeys in Central Asia. The Geographical Journal. Aug 1900, 6 (2): 142 [2022-03-22]. JSTOR 1774554. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-22）.
^ Bruce, C. D. A Journey across Asia from Leh to Peking. The Geographical Journal. Jun 1907, 29 (6): 600 [2022-03-22]. JSTOR 1776269. doi:10.2307/1776269. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-22）.
^ Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question - Part 2 (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs, India, 1961. [30 August 2013]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於21 September 2013）.
^ Verma, Virendra Sahai. Sino-Indian Border Dispute At Aksai Chin - A Middle Path For Resolution (PDF). Journal of Development Alternatives and Area Studies. 2006, 25 (3): 6–8 [30 August 2013]. ISSN 1651-9728. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2013-10-19）.
^ Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963), p. 112
^ Karackattu, Joe Thomas. The Corrosive Compromise of the Sino-Indian Border Management Framework: From Doklam to Galwan. Asian Affairs. 2020, 51 (3): 590–604. S2CID 222093756. doi:10.1080/03068374.2020.1804726.
^ Hudson, Geoffrey Francis. Far Eastern Affairs, Volume 3. St. Martin's Press. 1963: 20.
^ Notes, Memoranda and letters Exchanged and Agreements signed between The Governments of India and China - White Paper VIII (PDF). [30 August 2013]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於21 September 2013）.
^ Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990), p. 77: "This company was commanded by the most experienced Indian patrol leader in Ladakh, one Karam Singh, who (the previous June) had taken a patrol through Hot Spring, Kongka Pass, and then forty miles further to Lanak La. No sign of a Chinese presence had been seen then..."
^ Mullik, B. N., My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal, Allied Publishers: 627, 1971 [2022-03-22], （原始內容存檔於2022-03-22）
^ Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990), p. 77: "It happened two miles west of the pass, on the banks of the Chang Chenmo River." (emphasis added)
^ ^17.0 ^17.1 Maxwell, Neville. India's China War. New York: Pantheon. 1970: 13.
^ Wortzel, Larry. Burkitt, Laurie; Scobell, Andrew; Wortzel, Larry , 編. The Lessons of History: The Chinese People's Liberation Army at 75 (PDF). 戰略研究所（英語：Strategic Studies Institute）, 美國陸軍戰爭學院. 2003: 331 [2022-03-22]. ISBN 9781428916517. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-02-05）.
^ Whiting, Allen S. The Sino-Soviet Split. MacFarquhar, Roderick; Fairbank, John K. (編). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 14. Cambridge University Press. 1987: 512. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0.
^ Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963), p. 101: "Confusion as to the extent of the Chang Chenmo valley between the Lanak and Kongka passes continued to be a feature of Chinese cartography even after the Communists came to power.... the flexibility shown by official Chinese cartographers here and on other sections of the border makes mockery of China's oft-repeated claim that its concept of the border has a solid basis in history."
^ Van Eekelen, Willem Frederik, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China, Springer: 164, 1967 [2022-03-22], ISBN 978-94-017-6555-8, （原始內容存檔於2022-05-04）, The Chinese could not quote a single document confirming that the Kongka Pass constituted the boundary.... The thorough approach of the Indian side generally contrasted with an inconsistent and almost careless presentation by the Chinese officials.
^ Drew, Frederic, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account, E. Stanford, 1875 –透過archive.org

參考書目

Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A., Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh, Praeger, 1963 –透過archive.org

外部連結

Chang Chenmo River marked on OpenStreetMap （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

喀喇崑崙走廊和阿克賽欽的相關位置圖
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 喀喇崑崙走廊和阿克賽欽的相關位置圖圖例： 1：木斯塔山口 2：慕士塔格塔峰 3：斯吉爾布魯木峰 4：喬戈里峰 5：斯坎格里峰 6：布洛阿特峰 7：加舒爾布魯木IV峰 K3 8：加舒爾布魯木II峰 K4 9：加舒爾布魯木I峰 K5 10：錫亞康戈里峰 11：特拉木坎力I峰 12：Apsarasas Kangri I（英語：Apsarasas Kangri） 13：皇冠山 14：克勒青河 15：喀喇崑崙山口 16：斗拉特別奧里地 - 天文點 LAC 17：加勒萬河 18：空喀山口 19：神仙灣 20：天文點 21：河尾灘 22：加勒萬前進基地 23：溫泉 24：空喀山口邊防連 25：空喀山口事件 (勝利山) 26：拉那克山口 27：阿克賽欽湖 28：甜水海 29：喀拉喀什河 30：葉爾羌河 31：熱斯喀木村(Raskam（英語：Raskam）) 32：麻扎(Mazar) 33：柯克阿特達坂 34：賽圖拉哨卡(Xaidulla（英語：Xaidulla）) 35：賽圖拉鎮 36：康西瓦(Kangxiwar（英語：Kangxiwar）) 37：大紅柳灘(Dahongliutan（英語：Dahongliutan）) 38：Suget Pass（英語：Suget Pass） 39：桑株達坂 40：印地他什達坂 41：莎車縣莎車鎮 42：喀格勒克鎮 43：博熱(Bora) 44：柯克亞鄉 45：固瑪鎮 46：桑株鎮 47：和田市 48：于田縣 49：玉龍喀什河 50：克里雅河 51：克里雅山口 52：郭扎錯 53：邦達錯 54：清澈湖 55：美馬錯 56：龍木錯 57：松西村

'

[1] Richardson, H. E. A Short History of Tibet. E. P. Dutton. 1962: 225. ^{[失效連結]}

[2] Wellby, M.S. Through Unknown Tibet. Lippincott. 1898: 78. ISBN 9788120610583.

[3] Carey, A. D. A Journey round Chinese Turkistan and along the Northern frontier of Tibet. Proceedings of the Royal Geographic Society. 1887, 9 (12): 731–752 [2022-03-22]. JSTOR 1801130. doi:10.2307/1801130. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-22）.

[4] Bower, Hamilton, Diary of A Journey across Tibet, London, 1894

[5] Rawling, C. G., The Great Plateau Being An Account Of Exploration In Central Tibet, 1903, And Of The Gartok Expedition 1904-1905, p 38, London, 1905

[6] Deasy, H. H. P. Journeys in Central Asia. The Geographical Journal. Aug 1900, 6 (2): 142 [2022-03-22]. JSTOR 1774554. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-22）.

[7] Bruce, C. D. A Journey across Asia from Leh to Peking. The Geographical Journal. Jun 1907, 29 (6): 600 [2022-03-22]. JSTOR 1776269. doi:10.2307/1776269. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-22）.

[8] Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question - Part 2 (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs, India, 1961. [30 August 2013]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於21 September 2013）.

[pathforresolution-9] Verma, Virendra Sahai. Sino-Indian Border Dispute At Aksai Chin - A Middle Path For Resolution (PDF). Journal of Development Alternatives and Area Studies. 2006, 25 (3): 6–8 [30 August 2013]. ISSN 1651-9728. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2013-10-19）.

[HimalayanBground-10] Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963), p. 112

[Karackattu-11] Karackattu, Joe Thomas. The Corrosive Compromise of the Sino-Indian Border Management Framework: From Doklam to Galwan. Asian Affairs. 2020, 51 (3): 590–604. S2CID 222093756. doi:10.1080/03068374.2020.1804726.

[12] Hudson, Geoffrey Francis. Far Eastern Affairs, Volume 3. St. Martin's Press. 1963: 20.

[13] Notes, Memoranda and letters Exchanged and Agreements signed between The Governments of India and China - White Paper VIII (PDF). [30 August 2013]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於21 September 2013）.

[14] Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990), p. 77: "This company was commanded by the most experienced Indian patrol leader in Ladakh, one Karam Singh, who (the previous June) had taken a patrol through Hot Spring, Kongka Pass, and then forty miles further to Lanak La. No sign of a Chinese presence had been seen then..."

[15] Mullik, B. N., My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal, Allied Publishers: 627, 1971 [2022-03-22], （原始內容存檔於2022-03-22）

[16] Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (1990), p. 77: "It happened two miles west of the pass, on the banks of the Chang Chenmo River." (emphasis added)

[maxwell-17] 17.0 ^17.1 Maxwell, Neville. India's China War. New York: Pantheon. 1970: 13.

[wortzel-18] Wortzel, Larry. Burkitt, Laurie; Scobell, Andrew; Wortzel, Larry , 編. The Lessons of History: The Chinese People's Liberation Army at 75 (PDF). 戰略研究所（英語：Strategic Studies Institute）, 美國陸軍戰爭學院. 2003: 331 [2022-03-22]. ISBN 9781428916517. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-02-05）.

[CHOC-19] Whiting, Allen S. The Sino-Soviet Split. MacFarquhar, Roderick; Fairbank, John K. (編). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 14. Cambridge University Press. 1987: 512. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0.

[20] Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963), p. 101: "Confusion as to the extent of the Chang Chenmo valley between the Lanak and Kongka passes continued to be a feature of Chinese cartography even after the Communists came to power.... the flexibility shown by official Chinese cartographers here and on other sections of the border makes mockery of China's oft-repeated claim that its concept of the border has a solid basis in history."

[21] Van Eekelen, Willem Frederik, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China, Springer: 164, 1967 [2022-03-22], ISBN 978-94-017-6555-8, （原始內容存檔於2022-05-04）, The Chinese could not quote a single document confirming that the Kongka Pass constituted the boundary.... The thorough approach of the Indian side generally contrasted with an inconsistent and almost careless presentation by the Chinese officials.

[22] Drew, Frederic, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account, E. Stanford, 1875 –透過archive.org

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]