場所感
場所感(英語:sense of place)一詞有多種不同用法。它是多維、複合的結構,用於表現人與空間環境之間的關係[1]。它是一些地理場所有,而一些場所沒有的特徵[2],同時也是人(而不是由地方本身)對地方持有的感覺或認知。[3][4][5]它通常用於使一個地方特別或獨特的特徵,或者那些能夠培養一種真實的人類依戀感和歸屬感的特徵。[6]另一些學者,例如地理學家段義孚,則提出了恐懼等非「積極」的場所感。[7]一些學生和教育工作者從事「基於場所的教育」,以改善他們的「場所感」,並將場所的各個方面用作教育工具。 在城市和鄉村研究中,該術語用於關於社區對其環境或家園的場所營造(place-making)和場所依賴(place-attachment)。[8][9]
地理場所
文化地理學家、人類學家、社會學家和城市規劃師都研究了為什麼某些場所對特定的人或動物具有特殊的意義。[10]人們所說的具有很強的「場所感」的地方具有強烈的個性,深受居民和訪客的歡迎。[11][12]場所感是一種社會現象。[13]旨在保護、保存和改善有價值的場所的法規包括世界遺產名錄、英國傑出自然風景區管制和美國美國國家歷史名勝名稱等。
無地方性
缺少「場所感」的地方有時被認為是「無地方性(placeless)」的或「不真實(inauthentic)」的。文化地理學家愛德華·瑞夫(Edward Relph)研究了這些地點的「無地方性(placelessness)」[14]。人類學家馬克·歐傑稱這些地點為「非場所」。[15]
耶穌會哲學家米歇爾·德·塞托(Michel de Certeau)在他的書《日常生活實踐》中反對由無地方性導致的還原性思維,他用「空間」(法語:espace,英語:space)一詞指這種「無地方性」的地點。對於塞托而言,「空間只由移動元素的相交所組成」。而場所(法:lieu,英:place)是為了人類的某種需要而被組織的空間。例如,公園是「根據元素在共存關係中的分布」建造的,因此「蘊含着穩定的跡象」。[16]塞托的思想在理解地方建築中權力與社會關係的交互方面起到了作用。塞托認為,「空間」是自由的場地,或者至少是Timotheus Vermeulen認為的「潛在的無政府主義運動」的場地。[17]
無地方性的景觀往往與其所處的位置缺乏特定聯繫——它們可以位於任何地方;常見的例子有:路邊的大型購物中心、加油站和便利店、快餐連鎖店和連鎖百貨商店等。[18]一些已經被大量商業化、用於旅遊業和房地產開發的歷史文化古蹟或地區也常被認為失去了場所感。 [19]格特魯德·斯泰因的「那裡沒有那裡(there is no there there)」常被用來描述這些地方。[20]
形成和發展
人類地理學家和社會心理學家研究了場所感如何形成發展,其中重點包括場所之間的比較、向長者學習以及觀察自然災害等事件。其中值得特別注意的是童年經歷的重要性。[21]環境心理學家量化了兒童時期和自然環境的接觸與之後對相應環境偏好之間的聯繫。[22]兒童時期對周圍環境的學習受到遊玩的直接體驗以及家庭、文化和社區的作用的強烈影響。[23]兒童之間、兒童與其童年環境之間發展的特殊紐帶被人類地理學家稱為「原始景觀(primal landscape)」。[24]這種童年時期的景觀構成了個人身份的一部分,並且構成了日後在比較中定義何為「場所」的關鍵點。當人們成年後四處走訪時,他們傾向於用童年經歷的基準景觀來判斷新地點。[25]
作用
場所感也被用作基於社區的社會心理支持計劃的模型。[26][27]
參見
參考文獻
- ^ Caves, R. W. Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. 2004: 590. ISBN 9780415252256.
- ^ Tuan, Yi-Fu. Space and place: The perspective of experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota press. 1977.
- ^ Agnew, J.A.; Duncan, J.S. The power of place: Bringing together geographical and sociological imaginations. Boston: Unwin Hyman Publishers. 1989.
- ^ Altman, ed., I.; Low, ed., S.M. Place attachment. Human behavior and environment: Advances in theory and research. New York: Plenum Press. 1992.
- ^ Adams, Jennifer D. Theorizing a Sense of Place in a Transnational Community. Children, Youth and Environments. 2013, 23 (3): 43–65. ISSN 1546-2250. JSTOR 10.7721/chilyoutenvi.23.3.0043. doi:10.7721/chilyoutenvi.23.3.0043.
- ^ Casey, E.S. Between geography and philosophy: what does it mean to be in place world?. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 2001, 91 (4): 683–693. doi:10.1111/0004-5608.00266.
- ^ Tuan, Yi-Fu (1980). Landscapes of Fear. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
- ^ Groat, ed., L. Giving places meaning: Readings in environmental psychology. San Diego: Academic Press. 1995.
- ^ Adams, Jennifer. Sense of Place. The Nature of Cities. 2016-05-26 [2020-03-09]. (原始內容存檔於2020-10-10) (美國英語).
- ^ Spretnak, C. The resurgence of the real: Body, nature and place in a hypermodern world. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers. 1997.
- ^ Bloom, W. Personal identity, national identity and international relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1990.
- ^ Allen, J.; Massey, D.; Cochrane, A. Rethinking the Region. London: Routledge. 1998.
- ^ Agnew, J. Making political geography. London: Arnold Press. 2002.
- ^ Relph, Edward. Place and Placelessness. 1976.
- ^ Augé, Marc. Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. New York: Verson Books. 1995.
- ^ Michel de Certeau. "Spaces" and "places". The Practice of Everyday Life. University of California Press. 2002: 117. ISBN 0-520-23699-8.
- ^ Space is the Place. [2021-02-26]. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-09).
- ^ Davis, Mike. City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. New York: Vintage Press, Penquin Books. 1990. ISBN 9780679738060.
- ^ Harvey, D.C. From space to place and back again: reflections on the condition of post modernity. London: Routledge. 1993.
- ^ Anyone's Autobiography, 1937: see Gertrude Stein.
- ^ Measham TG (2006) Learning about environments: The significance of primal landscapes, Environmental Management 38(3), pp. 426–434
- ^ Bixler, R. D., M. F. Floyd, and W. E. Hammitt. (2002). Environmental socialization: Quantitative tests of the childhood play hypothesis, Environment and Behavior 34(6) pp. 795–818
- ^ Derr, V. Children's sense of place in northern New Mexico. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 2002, 22 (1–2): 125–137. doi:10.1006/jevp.2002.0252.
- ^ Gayton (1996) Landscapes of the Interior: Re-explorations of Nature and the Human Spirit. Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers
- ^ Measham, TG (2007) Primal Landscapes: insights for education from empirical research on ways of learning about environments, International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 16 (4) pp. 339–350
- ^ Prewitt Diaz, J.O. and Dayal, A. (2008). Sense of Place: A Model for Community Based psychosocial support programs (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies.
- ^ Chigbu, U.E. Fostering rural sense of place: the missing piece in Uturu, Nigeria. Development in Practice. 2013, 23 (2): 264–277. doi:10.1080/09614524.2013.772120.
延伸閱讀
- Chigbu, U.E. (2013). Fostering rural sense of place: the missing piece in Uturu, Nigeria. Development In Practice, 23 (2): pp. 264–277. View and download article: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09614524.2013.772120 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Alexander, Christopher. A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction, Oxford University Press, 1977. ISBN 0-19-501919-9
- Casey, Edward S. The Fate of Place, University of California Press, 1998. ISBN 0-520-21649-0
- Cresswell, T. (2005) Place: a short introduction, Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-0672-7
- Cresswell, T. (2009). Place. In Thrift, N., Kitchen, R., (eds) International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookvolume.cws_home/722034/vol1) pages 384-395.
- Cross, Jennifer E. (2001). What is Sense of Place? Department of Sociology, Colorado State University [1] (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Gussow, Alan. 1972. A Sense of Place: The Artist and the American Land. San Francisco: Friends of the Earth. ISBN 1559635681
- Hubbard, Phil, Rob Kitchen, and Gil Valentine, eds. 2004. Key Thinkers on Space and Place. London: Sage. ISBN 0-7619-4963-1
- Inge, John A Christian Theology of Place, Ashgate, 2003. ISBN 0-7546-3498-1
- Kunstler, James. Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of America's Man-Made Landscape, Free Press, 1994. ISBN 0-671-88825-0
- Lippard, Lucy. The Lure of the Local: Senses of Place in a Multicentered Society, New Press, 1998. ISBN 978-156584248-9
- Long, Joshua. 2010. Weird City: Sense of Place and Creative Resistance in Austin, Texas. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-72241-9
- Massey, Doreen B. 2005. For Space. London: Sage. ISBN 1-4129-0362-9
- Relph, E. C. Place and Placelessness, Pion, 1976. ISBN 0-85086-111-X
- Roudavski, Stanislav (2008). Staging Places as Performances: Creative Strategies for Architecture (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (PhD, University of Cambridge)
- Snyder, Gary. 1996. A Place in Space. Counterpoint. ISBN 1-887178-27-9
- Soja, Edward W. 1996. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-And-Imagined Places. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-55786-675-9
- Tuan, Yi Fu. 1977. Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-3877-2
- Tuan, Yi Fu. 1990. Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07395-X