反新自由主義
反新自由主義(英語:Anti-neoliberalism),也被稱為後新自由主義(英語:Post-neoliberalism),是一種意識形態,其特點是拒絕新自由主義和華盛頓共識所體現的經濟政策[1][2][3]。雖然學者們對反新自由主義的定義存在爭議,但它通常包括國有化和財富再分配的經濟政策、反對放鬆管制、金融化、自由貿易以及削弱勞工權益,以及更普遍的與左翼政治相關聯[3][4]。
這一理念在拉丁美洲產生了特殊的影響,其中2000年代的"粉紅浪潮"導致了拉美多國轉向左翼政府[5]。過去的玻利維亞埃沃·莫拉萊斯和厄瓜多爾拉斐爾·科雷亞的政府就是反新自由主義的代表[6]。
歷史
反新自由主義的理念源於1990年代和2000年代初的"粉紅浪潮",在這一時期,像烏戈·查韋斯和埃沃·莫拉萊斯這樣的拉美左翼反新自由主義者在這場浪潮中掌權。查韋斯於1999年當選為委內瑞拉總統,這標誌着"粉紅浪潮"和反新自由主義運動的正式開始[7][8]。隨着他的當選,厄瓜多爾的拉斐爾·科雷亞、阿根廷的內斯托爾·基什內爾、玻利維亞的埃沃·莫拉萊斯等拉美其他與反新自由主義運動相關的領袖,在2000年代至2010年代的期間當選[3]。進入2020年代,在2021年智利大選中取得勝利的智利新總統加夫列爾·博里奇,他承諾結束智利的新自由主義經濟模式,並表示:「如果說智利是新自由主義的搖籃,那她也將是新自由主義的墳墓[9]。」
在2008年金融危機之後,尤其是在新冠大流行病之後,各種專家和媒體,包括自由市場和全球化的支持者,開始指出新自由主義時代的結束,以及越來越多的項目和學術中心旨在制定新的原則和理論策略來取代新自由主義[10][11][12][13]。
意識形態
反新自由主義尋求從根本上改變在華盛頓共識曾經占主導地位的那些國家的國家角色[14]。為了實現這一目標,拉丁美洲的反新自由主義領袖主張將包括天然氣、礦業和石油等多個行業納入國有化[3]。反新自由主義者也主張擴大福利待遇,增加政府在減貧方面的投資,並增加國家對經濟的干預[15]。
批評
雖然反新自由主義的理念並不僅限於拉丁美洲,但它主要與該地區相關聯。反新自由主義的理念也引發了右翼政治派別的批評[16][17];右翼和極右翼批評人士稱這詞本身帶有模糊和民粹主義色彩的,同時認為"反新自由主義"的政策會損害國際投資和經濟發展[6]。
反新自由主義政黨列表
南美:
- 阿根廷:大眾陣線、[19][20]勝利陣線[8]
- 巴西:社自—網絡聯合、社會主義和自由黨[21]
- 玻利維亞:爭取社會主義運動—爭取人民主權政治機構[6]
- 智利:贊成尊嚴、社會融合[22]
- 厄瓜多:公民革命運動、拉斐爾·科雷亞領導的主權祖國聯盟運動[6]
- 委內瑞拉:第五共和國運動、烏戈·查韋斯領導的西蒙·玻利瓦爾大愛國極點、委內瑞拉統一社會主義黨[7][8]
北美:
亞洲
歐洲
- 德國:左翼黨
- 荷蘭:社會黨
- 比利時:比利時工人黨
- 盧森堡:左翼黨
- 法國:不屈法國[28]、左翼黨
- 丹麥:團結名單—紅綠聯盟
- 愛爾蘭:新芬黨、團結
- 希臘:希臘共產黨、自由路線
- 西班牙:匯總、我們能[29][30]
- 葡萄牙:左翼集團、葡萄牙共產黨
- 瑞典:左翼黨[31]
大洋洲
參見
參考文獻
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The main objective of this article is to perform a critical conceptual review of post-neoliberalism to find consensus and discord in the existing literature. ... Although our search was not limited to literature on any specific region, the overwhelming amount of research we encountered was focused on Latin America, with little material identified through the search on post-neoliberalism in Africa or Asia.
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When Mr Boric won the candidacy of his leftist bloc to run for president, he made a bold pledge. 'If Chile was the cradle of neoliberalism, it will also be its grave,' he said. 'Do not be afraid of the youth changing this country.'
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- ^ Bagnojaui hangug, angwa bakk nolaeleul bulleossdaga 'joein'i doeneun nala, daehanmingug 박노자의 한국, 안과 밖 노래를 불렀다가 '죄인'이 되는 나라, 대한민국 [Pak Noja's South Korea, inside and outside. A country where you sing song and then become a 'sinner'. That's the Republic of Korea.]. The Hankyoreh. 26 May 2020 [14 June 2022]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-12).
민중당은 조직 노동자, 비정규직 노동자들의 지지를 받으며 좌파민족주의적 입장에서 신자유주의를 비판하는 정당이다. [Minjungdang-eun jojig nodongja, bijeong-gyujig nodongjadeul-ui jijileul bad-eumyeo jwapaminjogjuuijeog ibjang-eseo sinjayujuuileul bipanhaneun jeongdang-ida.]
- ^ http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/turkey.pdf (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), pg. 176
- ^ Ni Staline ni Robert Hue : pourquoi l'étiquette "communiste" ne colle pas à Mélenchon. Le HuffPost. 2017-04-12 [2022-04-04]. (原始內容存檔於2022-04-15) (法語).
- ^ Yolanda Díaz: "El Gobierno progresista no puede funcionar con las reglas de juego marcadas por el neoliberalismo". ALEXIS ROMERO / SATO DÍAZ / VÍDEO: AMANDA GARCÍA Y JAIME GARCÍA-MORATO. PÚBLICO. 2021 [2023-07-18]. (原始內容存檔於2022-11-17).
- ^ Yolanda Díaz estrecha lazos con el laborismo británico y coinciden en el "fracaso" del modelo neoliberal. Europa Press. 2022 [2023-07-18]. (原始內容存檔於2023-04-04).
- ^ Kandidater inför valet 2022. Vänsterpartiet i Region Stockholm. 2022-02-28 [2022-08-13] (瑞典語).
Vänsterpartiet har lösningarna och potentialen att stoppa de nyliberala, politiska förändringar som slår hårt mot både personal och resenärer i kollektivtrafiken. Vi lyckas också kombinera frågan om en grön omställning med investeringar och nya jobb i regionen som ger invånarna hopp om framtiden.
- ^ Australian Greens Are Building a Movement to End Neoliberalism. jacobin.com. [2023-05-13]. (原始內容存檔於2023-12-03) (美國英語).
延伸閱讀
- Padoan, Enrico. Anti-Neoliberal Populisms in Comparative Perspective: A Latinamericanisation of Southern Europe? 1st. London, England: Routledge. 2020 [14 June 2022]. ISBN 9780367322151. (原始內容存檔於2023-10-10).
- Mitchell, William; Fazi, Thomas. Reclaiming the State: A Progressive Vision of Sovereignty for a Post-Neoliberal World. Pluto Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0745337326.
外部連結
- Palombarini, Stefano. A Mélenchon Government Would Shake the Foundations of Neoliberalism in Europe. 訪談 with Stathis. 12 June 2022 [14 June 2022]. (原始內容存檔於2023-12-02).
- Foroohar, Rana. The new rules for business in a post-neoliberal world. Financial Times. 9 October 2022 [2023-07-16]. (原始內容存檔於2023-10-05).
- Levitz, Eric. The End of 'Zombie Neoliberalism'?. New York. February 1, 2023 [2023-07-16]. (原始內容存檔於2023-06-22).