利馬集團

利馬集團
Grupo de Lima
The Lima Group
利馬集團; Grupo de Lima; The Lima Group
	成員國
官方語言	英語; 西班牙語; 葡萄牙語;
類型	政府間組織（英語：Intergovernmental organization）
成員	14個成員國阿根廷; 巴西; 加拿大; 智利; 哥倫比亞; 哥斯大黎加; 瓜地馬拉; 蓋亞那; 宏都拉斯; 墨西哥; 巴拿馬; 巴拉圭; 秘魯; 聖盧西亞 ;
成立	秘魯利馬
• 利馬宣言	2017年8月8日

利馬集團（英語：The Lima Group，西班牙語：Grupo de Lima，葡萄牙語：Grupo de Lima，簡稱：GL）為一個多邊組織。利馬宣言於2017年8月8日在秘魯首都利馬簽訂後，組織隨即宣告成立。組織一共有12個成員國，目的是以和平手段結束委內瑞拉危機^[1]。

組織亦要求釋放政治犯，呼籲舉行公平自由的選舉，提供人道援助，批評委國國內民主秩序被政府擾亂。

歷史

利馬宣言

利馬宣言代表利馬集團成立，並列出集團的主要目標和大綱，以處理委內瑞拉危機和調停各方^[2]。

引言建立成員國秉持民主與非干涉的願望，希望能找到委內瑞拉危機和平解決的方法。 Establishes member states and outlines the democratic and noninterventional ambitions of the group to find a peaceful solution to the crisis in Venezuela.	《利馬宣言》聯合宣言 007 - 17 來自阿根廷、巴西、加拿大、智利、哥倫比亞、哥斯達黎加、瓜地馬拉、洪都拉斯、墨西哥、巴拿馬、巴拉圭、秘魯的外交部長和代表，在2017年8月8日，於利馬，就委內瑞拉的嚴峻局勢發表了意見，並探討以對話及和平的途徑，協助該國恢復民主。 The Foreign Ministers and Representatives of Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and Peru, meeting in the city of Lima, on 8 August 2017, to address the critical situation in Venezuela and explore ways to contribute to the restoration of democracy in that country through a peaceful and negotiated solution 受區內獨有的團結精神鼓舞，並堅信充分尊重國際法準則和不干涉原則的談判在不侵犯人權和民主下，是確保持久解決差異的唯一工具。 Encouraged by the spirit of solidarity that characterizes the region and the conviction that negotiation, with full respect for the norms of international law and the principle of nonintervention, does not violate human rights and democracy, and is the only tool that ensures a lasting solution to the differences;
宣言標誌利馬集團的定位與在委內瑞拉危機中的目標 Highlights the positions and goals of the Lima Group regarding the crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela.	They declare: 譴責委內瑞拉民主秩序的崩潰 Their condemnation of the breakdown of democratic order in Venezuela. 基於制憲大會的非法本質，利馬集團決定不承認制憲大會及其作為。 Their decision not to recognize the National Constituent Assembly, nor the acts emanating from it, due to its illegitimate nature. 利馬集團完全支持民主選出的全國代表大會。 Their full support and solidarity with the National Assembly, democratically elected. 根據憲法要求全國代表大會授權的法律行為，只有在該大會批准後才會被承認。 Legal acts that according to the Constitution require authorization from the National Assembly, will only be recognized when said Assembly has approved them. 堅決拒絕使用暴力或任何涉及使用武力的選項。 Their energetic rejection of violence and any option that involves the use of force. 支持並與委內瑞拉的總檢察長和公共部門成員團結一致，並要求履行國際美洲人權委員會發布的預防措施。 Their support and solidarity with the Attorney General and the members of the Public Ministry of Venezuela and demand the application of the precautionary measures issued by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. 譴責系統性侵犯人權和基本自由、暴力、鎮壓和政治迫害，譴責政治犯的存在以及缺乏獨立國際觀察下的自由選舉。 Their condemnation of the systematic violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms, of violence, repression and political persecution, the existence of political prisoners and the lack of free elections under independent international observation. 指出委內瑞拉未遵守聯合國人權理事會的要求或義務。 That Venezuela does not comply with the requirements or obligations of the members of the Human Rights Council of the United Nations. 對國家面臨的人道主義危機深表關切，並譴責政府不允許糧食和藥品進入，以支援委內瑞拉人民。 Their serious concern about the humanitarian crisis facing the country and his condemnation of the government for not allowing the entry of food and medicine in support of the Venezuelan people. 決定繼續對委內瑞拉應用美洲國家組織民主憲章。 Their decision to continue the application of the Inter-American Democratic Charter to Venezuela. 支持南方共同市場根據《烏斯懷亞議定書》的民主條款，暫停委內瑞拉的成員資格。 Their support for the decision of MERCOSUR to suspend Venezuela in application of the Ushuaia Protocol on Democratic Commitment. 決定不支持委內瑞拉在地區和國際機制及組織中的任何候選人。 Their decision not to support any Venezuelan candidacy in regional and international mechanisms and organizations. 呼籲根據《武器貿易條約》第6條和第7條，停止向委內瑞拉轉移武器。 Their call to stop the transfer of arms to Venezuela in light of articles 6 and 7 of the Arms Trade Treaty. 鑑於當前情況，將要求加勒比海共同體和歐盟，推遲原定於2017年10月舉行的歐盟與拉丁美洲暨加勒比海共同體峰會。 That, taking into account the current conditions, they will request the Pro Tempore Presidency of CELAC and the European Union, the postponement of the CELAC-EU Summit scheduled for October 2017. 承諾在外交部長級別密切關注委內瑞拉局勢，直至該國民主得到完全恢復，並承諾在聯合國大會下次會議前，至少召開一次會晤，屆時可能還會有其他國家參與。 Their commitment to keep track of the situation in Venezuela, at the level of Foreign Ministers, until the full restoration of democracy in that country, and to meet no later than the next session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, an opportunity in which may be added other countries. 願意在尊重委內瑞拉主權的前提下，緊急支持任何有可信議的談判和善意的努力，該努力得到各方的共識，旨在和平實現該國民主的恢復。 Their willingness to urgently support, within the framework of respect for Venezuelan sovereignty, any effort of credible negotiation and good faith, which has the consensus of the parties and is aimed at peacefully achieving the restoration of democracy in the country.

2018年委內瑞拉總統選舉

利馬集團公開譴責該次選舉，批評選舉不受監督、不公正和不民主^[3]。選舉舉行前數日，利馬集團、美國和歐盟共同要求取消選舉，若非的話將會有下一步行動^[4]。選舉過後，總統馬杜羅鞏固其地位和權力，集團的14個成員國決定召回駐委內瑞拉的大使，以示抗議^[5]^[6]。翌年1月，利馬集團表示不承認馬杜羅新任政府的合法性。

成員國

利馬宣言由12個國家共同簽署，其後亦成為集團創始成員國。十二個國家分別為：巴西、加拿大、智利、哥倫比亞、哥斯達黎加、危地馬拉、洪都拉斯、墨西哥、巴拿馬、巴拉圭和秘魯。其後蓋亞那和聖盧西亞亦加入集團^[7]。

2021年3月24日阿根廷外交部發布公告，宣布阿根廷政府正式退出「利馬集團」。

觀察和支援

利馬集團獲巴巴多斯、美國、厄瓜多爾、格林納達、牙買加和烏拉圭支持，四國均出席了集團的首場會議。另外美洲國家組織、歐盟和委內瑞拉反對派均對集團表示支持^[8]。

利馬集團亦支持了巴拿馬針對委內瑞拉高官而實施的制裁，巴拿馬政府一直被指為委國進行洗黑錢，支持恐怖組織和金援委國的大規模殺傷性武器。委國向巴拿馬實施報復性制裁後，利馬集團表示支持巴拿馬^[9]。

參見

美洲玻利瓦爾聯盟
孔塔多拉集團（英語：Contadora group）

參考文獻

^ Grupo de Lima | América Latina. Deutsche Welle. 14 November 2017 [15 February 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-22）（西班牙語）.
^ Declaration of Lima. Government of Peru. [15 February 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-22）（西班牙語）.
^ Regional neighbors call on Venezuela to cancel election. Washington Post. 2018-05-14 [2018-05-15]. ISSN 0190-8286. （原始內容存檔於2018-05-15）（美國英語）.
^ Regional 'Lima Group' leaders urge Venezuela to suspend election. Reuters. [2018-05-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-09）（美國英語）.
^ Los 14 países del Grupo de Lima llaman a consultas a sus embajadores en Caracas. [2018-05-21]. （原始內容存檔於2018-05-27）（西班牙語）.
^ Lima Group recalls Venezuela ambassadors, condemns vote. 21 May 2018 [21 May 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-16）（英語）.
^ Perú convoca al Grupo de Lima para analizar elecciones en Venezuela. El Nacional. 8 February 2018 [15 February 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-12）（西班牙語）.
^ Cancilleres firmaron la Declaración de Lima - Caretas. Caretas. 3 August 2017 [15 February 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-06）.
^ Grupo de Lima respalda a Panamá tras sanciones de Venezuela en su contra. [2018-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-13）（西班牙語）.

[1] Grupo de Lima | América Latina. Deutsche Welle. 14 November 2017 [15 February 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-22）（西班牙語）.

[2] Declaration of Lima. Government of Peru. [15 February 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-22）（西班牙語）.

[3] Regional neighbors call on Venezuela to cancel election. Washington Post. 2018-05-14 [2018-05-15]. ISSN 0190-8286. （原始內容存檔於2018-05-15）（美國英語）.

[4] Regional 'Lima Group' leaders urge Venezuela to suspend election. Reuters. [2018-05-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-09）（美國英語）.

[5] Los 14 países del Grupo de Lima llaman a consultas a sus embajadores en Caracas. [2018-05-21]. （原始內容存檔於2018-05-27）（西班牙語）.

[6] Lima Group recalls Venezuela ambassadors, condemns vote. 21 May 2018 [21 May 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-16）（英語）.

[7] Perú convoca al Grupo de Lima para analizar elecciones en Venezuela. El Nacional. 8 February 2018 [15 February 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-12）（西班牙語）.

[8] Cancilleres firmaron la Declaración de Lima - Caretas. Caretas. 3 August 2017 [15 February 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-06）.

[9] Grupo de Lima respalda a Panamá tras sanciones de Venezuela en su contra. [2018-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-13）（西班牙語）.

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引言建立成員國秉持民主與非干涉的願望，希望能找到委內瑞拉危機和平解決的方法。 Establishes member states and outlines the democratic and noninterventional ambitions of the group to find a peaceful solution to the crisis in Venezuela.	《利馬宣言》聯合宣言 007 - 17 來自阿根廷、巴西、加拿大、智利、哥倫比亞、哥斯達黎加、瓜地馬拉、洪都拉斯、墨西哥、巴拿馬、巴拉圭、秘魯的外交部長和代表，在2017年8月8日，於利馬，就委內瑞拉的嚴峻局勢發表了意見，並探討以對話及和平的途徑，協助該國恢復民主。 The Foreign Ministers and Representatives of Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and Peru, meeting in the city of Lima, on 8 August 2017, to address the critical situation in Venezuela and explore ways to contribute to the restoration of democracy in that country through a peaceful and negotiated solution 受區內獨有的團結精神鼓舞，並堅信充分尊重國際法準則和不干涉原則的談判在不侵犯人權和民主下，是確保持久解決差異的唯一工具。 Encouraged by the spirit of solidarity that characterizes the region and the conviction that negotiation, with full respect for the norms of international law and the principle of nonintervention, does not violate human rights and democracy, and is the only tool that ensures a lasting solution to the differences;
宣言標誌利馬集團的定位與在委內瑞拉危機中的目標 Highlights the positions and goals of the Lima Group regarding the crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela.	They declare: 譴責委內瑞拉民主秩序的崩潰 Their condemnation of the breakdown of democratic order in Venezuela. 基於制憲大會的非法本質，利馬集團決定不承認制憲大會及其作為。 Their decision not to recognize the National Constituent Assembly, nor the acts emanating from it, due to its illegitimate nature. 利馬集團完全支持民主選出的全國代表大會。 Their full support and solidarity with the National Assembly, democratically elected. 根據憲法要求全國代表大會授權的法律行為，只有在該大會批准後才會被承認。 Legal acts that according to the Constitution require authorization from the National Assembly, will only be recognized when said Assembly has approved them. 堅決拒絕使用暴力或任何涉及使用武力的選項。 Their energetic rejection of violence and any option that involves the use of force. 支持並與委內瑞拉的總檢察長和公共部門成員團結一致，並要求履行國際美洲人權委員會發布的預防措施。 Their support and solidarity with the Attorney General and the members of the Public Ministry of Venezuela and demand the application of the precautionary measures issued by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. 譴責系統性侵犯人權和基本自由、暴力、鎮壓和政治迫害，譴責政治犯的存在以及缺乏獨立國際觀察下的自由選舉。 Their condemnation of the systematic violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms, of violence, repression and political persecution, the existence of political prisoners and the lack of free elections under independent international observation. 指出委內瑞拉未遵守聯合國人權理事會的要求或義務。 That Venezuela does not comply with the requirements or obligations of the members of the Human Rights Council of the United Nations. 對國家面臨的人道主義危機深表關切，並譴責政府不允許糧食和藥品進入，以支援委內瑞拉人民。 Their serious concern about the humanitarian crisis facing the country and his condemnation of the government for not allowing the entry of food and medicine in support of the Venezuelan people. 決定繼續對委內瑞拉應用美洲國家組織民主憲章。 Their decision to continue the application of the Inter-American Democratic Charter to Venezuela. 支持南方共同市場根據《烏斯懷亞議定書》的民主條款，暫停委內瑞拉的成員資格。 Their support for the decision of MERCOSUR to suspend Venezuela in application of the Ushuaia Protocol on Democratic Commitment. 決定不支持委內瑞拉在地區和國際機制及組織中的任何候選人。 Their decision not to support any Venezuelan candidacy in regional and international mechanisms and organizations. 呼籲根據《武器貿易條約》第6條和第7條，停止向委內瑞拉轉移武器。 Their call to stop the transfer of arms to Venezuela in light of articles 6 and 7 of the Arms Trade Treaty. 鑑於當前情況，將要求加勒比海共同體和歐盟，推遲原定於2017年10月舉行的歐盟與拉丁美洲暨加勒比海共同體峰會。 That, taking into account the current conditions, they will request the Pro Tempore Presidency of CELAC and the European Union, the postponement of the CELAC-EU Summit scheduled for October 2017. 承諾在外交部長級別密切關注委內瑞拉局勢，直至該國民主得到完全恢復，並承諾在聯合國大會下次會議前，至少召開一次會晤，屆時可能還會有其他國家參與。 Their commitment to keep track of the situation in Venezuela, at the level of Foreign Ministers, until the full restoration of democracy in that country, and to meet no later than the next session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, an opportunity in which may be added other countries. 願意在尊重委內瑞拉主權的前提下，緊急支持任何有可信議的談判和善意的努力，該努力得到各方的共識，旨在和平實現該國民主的恢復。 Their willingness to urgently support, within the framework of respect for Venezuelan sovereignty, any effort of credible negotiation and good faith, which has the consensus of the parties and is aimed at peacefully achieving the restoration of democracy in the country.

利馬集團 Grupo de Lima The Lima Group
成員國
官方語言	英語西班牙語葡萄牙語
類型	政府間組織（英語：Intergovernmental organization）
成員	14個成員國阿根廷巴西加拿大智利哥倫比亞哥斯大黎加瓜地馬拉蓋亞那宏都拉斯墨西哥巴拿馬巴拉圭秘魯聖盧西亞
成立	秘魯利馬

• 利馬宣言	2017年8月8日 (2017-08-08)