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分枝桿菌屬

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分枝桿菌屬
結核分枝桿菌
科學分類 編輯
域: 細菌域 Bacteria
門: 放線菌門 Actinomycetota
綱: 放線菌綱 Actinomycetes
目: 分枝桿菌目 Mycobacteriales
科: 分枝桿菌科 Mycobacteriaceae
屬: 分枝桿菌屬 Mycobacterium
Lehmann & Neumann 1896
模式種
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Zopf 1883) Lehmann and Neumann 1896

分枝桿菌屬(學名:Mycobacterium)為放線菌門的一屬細菌,且為分枝桿菌科唯一的屬。為形狀不規則的革蘭氏陽性桿菌,不能游動,通常抗酸,無氣生菌絲和孢子。

該屬細菌包括許多已知在哺乳類動物中造成嚴重疾病的病原菌,包括結核桿菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis)和麻風桿菌Mycobacterium leprae[1]

希臘語中的 myco 表示「真菌」,意思是說該屬的物種通常在液態培養基的表面,形成類似黴菌的菌落。[2]

2018年,基於全基因組測序的數據,對分枝桿菌屬進一步進行修訂,並拆分出4個新的菌屬,即MycolicibacillusMycolicibacterMycobacteroidesMycolicibacterium[3]

微生物特徵

微生物細胞壁
1. 外層脂質
2. mycolic acid英語mycolic acid
3. 多醣arabinogalactan英語arabinogalactan
4. 肽聚糖
5. 細胞膜
6. lipoarabinomannan英語lipoarabinomannan(LAM)
7. phosphatidylinositol mannoside英語phosphatidylinositol mannoside
8. 細胞壁骨架

本屬物種為好氧型細菌,且為不運動型細菌(海洋分枝桿菌除外,其可以在巨噬細胞內運動),為一種抗酸型細菌英語Acid-fast[1]。分枝桿菌並不會形成內孢子莢膜,因此常被認定為革蘭氏陰性菌。且分枝桿菌在革蘭氏染色上並無法染上結晶紫,因此無法被歸類於革蘭氏陽性菌或陰性菌。

雖然說本屬不產孢子,但有兩個物種似乎例外,那就是海洋分枝桿菌Mycobacterium marinum)和牛分枝桿菌(M. bovis[4]。但進一步的研究引發了爭論。[5]

分枝桿菌的特點就是其細胞壁較其他物種厚,且呈蠟狀疏水性,並含有大量的分枝菌酸英語mycolic acids(mycolic acids)。多醣會將分枝菌酸層及肽聚糖層拉在一起,讓細胞壁變得十分堅韌。若可干擾其細胞壁的生物合成途徑,也許可以開發治療肺結核的藥物。[6]

物種

Phylogenetic Position of the Tubercle Bacilli within the Genus Mycobacterium The blue triangle corresponds to tubercle bacilli sequences that are identical or differing by a single nucleotide. The sequences of the genus Mycobacterium that matched most closely to those of M. tuberculosis were retrieved from the BIBI database (http://pbil.univ-lyon.fr/bibi/[永久失效連結]) and aligned with those obtained for 17 smooth and MTBC strains. The unrooted neighbor-joining tree is based on 1,325 aligned nucleotide positions of the 16S rRNA gene. The scale gives the pairwise distances after Jukes-Cantor correction. Bootstrap support values higher than 90% are indicated at the nodes.

表型測試可用於識別和區分不同的分枝桿菌物種和菌株。在以前的系統中,分枝桿菌根據它們的外觀和生長速度進行分組的。然而,這些是近祖共性(symplesiomorphies)的,並且最近的分類基於支序分類學(cladistics)進行的。

慢速生長菌

結核分枝桿菌複合群[7]Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex)

鳥分枝桿菌複合群[7][8]Mycobacterium avium complex)

戈登分枝桿菌支序群[10]Mycobacterium gordonae clade)

堪薩斯分支桿菌支序群 (Mycobacterium kansasii clade)

無色分枝桿菌/土分枝桿菌支序群 Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum/terrae clade

Mycolactone-producing mycobacteria

猴分枝桿菌支序群 Mycobacterium simiae clade

未分群

生長速率中等

快速生長菌

龜分枝桿菌支序群 Mycobacterium chelonae clade

偶然分枝桿菌群 Mycobacterium fortuitum clade

Mycobacterium parafortuitum 支序群

Mycobacterium vaccae 支序群

CF

未分群

未分群

分枝桿菌噬菌體

分枝桿菌可以被分枝桿菌噬菌體所感染,這種細菌病毒將來可能用於通過噬菌體療法治療結核病和相關疾病。

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors). Sherris Medical Microbiology 4th. McGraw Hill. 2004. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9. 
  2. ^ James H. Kerr and Terry L. Barrett, "Atypical Mycobacterial Diseases", Military Dermatology Textbook, p. 401.
  3. ^ Gupta RS, Lo B, Son J. Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus Mycobacterium into an Emended Genus Mycobacterium and Four Novel Genera. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:67.
  4. ^ Ghosh, Jaydip; Larsson, Pontus; Singh, Bhupender; Pettersson, B. M. Fredrik; Islam, Nurul M.; Sarkar, Sailendra Nath; Dasgupta, Santanu; Kirsebom, Leif A. Sporulation in mycobacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009-06-30, 106 (26). ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2705590可免費查閱. PMID 19541637. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904104106 (英語). 
  5. ^ Traag BA, Driks A, Stragier P, Bitter W, Broussard G, Hatfull G, Chu F, Adams KN, Ramakrishnan L, Losick R.2010. "Do mycobacteria produce endospores?" Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 12;107(2):878-81.
  6. ^ Bhamidi S. Mycobacterial Cell Wall Arabinogalactan. Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-904455-45-5. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 术语在线—权威的术语知识服务平台. www.termonline.cn. [2022-08-02]. 
  8. ^ 國家教育研究院雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網. terms.naer.edu.tw. [2022-08-02]. 
  9. ^ Rahman, Syed Asad; Singh, Yadvir; Kohli, Sakshi; Ahmad, Javeed; Ehtesham, Nasreen Z.; Tyagi, Anil K.; Hasnain, Seyed E. Lee, Sang Yup , 編. Comparative Analyses of Nonpathogenic, Opportunistic, and Totally Pathogenic Mycobacteria Reveal Genomic and Biochemical Variabilities and Highlight the Survival Attributes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio. 2014-12-31, 5 (6) [2022-08-02]. ISSN 2161-2129. PMC 4222108可免費查閱. PMID 25370496. doi:10.1128/mBio.02020-14. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-25) (英語). 
  10. ^ clade - 支序群;分支群;分支. [2021-04-09]. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-21). 
  11. ^ Fukano H, Kazumi Y, Sakagami N, Fujiwara N, Ato M, Mitarai S, Hoshino Y. Mycobacterium kiyosense sp. nov., a scotochromogenic slow-glowing species isolated from respiratory specimens. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5917.
  12. ^ Musser E, Smith C, Halse TA, Kohlerschmidt D, Rourke A, Fiero A, Musser KA, Escuyer V, Lapierre P. Characterization of Mycobacterium salfingeri sp. nov.: A novel nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from a human wound infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:992610.

延伸閱讀

外部連結

template:Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases英語template:Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases template:Mycobacteria英語template:Mycobacteria