岡瓦那獸目
岡瓦那獸目 | |
---|---|
Sudamerica屬物種的下頜骨 | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
綱: | 哺乳綱 Mammalia |
演化支: | 獸形類 Theriimorpha |
演化支: | 獸型類 Theriiformes |
亞綱: | †異獸亞綱 (?) Allotheria |
演化支: | †岡瓦那獸目 Gondwanatheria Mones, 1987 |
科 | |
岡瓦那獸目(學名:Gondwanatheria,亦可稱為岡瓦納獸目)是哺乳動物中一個已經滅絕的目,生活在上白堊世至中新世(而且可能更早,如果將Allostaffia劃為該目的成員[3])的南半球,包括南極洲。該類群為人所知的僅有數顆分離的牙齒,幾片下頜骨,兩塊不完整的頭骨和一塊完整的頭骨。[4]正是因為這種零碎的知識,其分類地位不甚清晰。
分類關係
該類群分類關係的不明確持續了幾十年,其最開始被認為是早期的異關節總目動物,一種「無齒」的哺乳動物,接近現代的食蟻獸。隨後的多個不同研究認為它們屬於異獸亞綱,接近多瘤齒獸目,甚至可能真正屬於多瘤齒獸目,比Cimolodonta亞目更接近於Plagiaulacida亞目。[1][5][6][7]然而,一項最近的研究表明,它們與賊獸目有關,並將它們列入非哺乳動物的犬齒獸亞目。[8]
岡瓦那獸目下有3個已知的科,其中Sudamericidae科由Scillato-Yané及Pascual於1984年命名,包含該類群的絕大多數部分。Ferugliotheriidae科由José Bonaparte於1986年命名, 包含Ferugliotherium一個屬,而且可能包括諸如Trapalcotherium等其他類群。Groeberiidae科最開始被認為是Paucituberculate目的有袋類,之後因該科中Groeberia屬經檢驗後被歸入岡瓦那獸目,所以整個科也被歸入岡瓦那獸目。[1]
另有化石在印度、馬達加斯加、南極被發現。一個可能為Ferugliotherium屬物種的化石在墨西哥的馬斯特里赫特期地層中被發現,使得此類群的分布範圍擴展到北美洲。[9]
中新世(Colhuehuapian期)的屬Patagonia是該類群已知年代最近的代表。[1]
生物學
從頭部骨骼化石得知,岡瓦那獸目動物普遍具有深長而強壯有力的口鼻部,這有利於它們營專一的植食性生活。Groeberia和Vintana兩個屬都具有奇特的軛骨凸緣,這與諸如地懶的異關節類相似;但這兩個屬的咀嚼方式與大多數異獸亞綱動物一樣為後移式(由前向後),而這一點與幾乎所有的獸亞綱動物都不同。[10][1]大多數岡瓦那獸目動物是專一的牧食生物,它們是最早專一於食草的哺乳動物,遠早於獸亞綱動物(Groeberiidae科與Ferugliotheriidae科除外,因為它們缺乏高冠齒,其植食性可能更廣泛)。
於梅法拉諾組發現的具關節的樣本,為研究者提供了有關這一類動物的非頭部骨骼的深入信息。其中奇異而獨特的特徵包括:中間外側扁平且前後彎曲的脛骨、具雙滑車的距骨、發育完全的肱骨滑車,以及異常多的軀椎。這一新類群擁有19節與肋骨相連的脊椎(胸椎)和11節不與肋骨相連的脊椎(腰椎)。除了這些衍生特徵之外,這種來自馬達加斯加的哺乳動物還擁有鑲嵌的胸帶形態:其前烏喙骨缺失,烏喙骨高度發達(形成一個擴大的過程,占關節窩的一半),間鎖骨小,而且胸鎖關節似乎可活動。有A ventrally facing glenoid and the well-developed humeral trochlea suggest a relatively parasagittal posture for the forelimbs. Remarkable features of the hind limb and pelvic girdle include a large obturator foramen similar in size to that of therians, a large parafibula, and the presence of an epipubic bone.[11]
分類學
†岡瓦那獸目 Gondwanatheria[12][13] McKenna 1971 [Gondwanatheroidea Krause & Bonaparte 1993]的分類如下:
- †格羅伯鼠科 Groeberiidae Patterson, 1952
- †Groeberia minoprioi Ryan Patterson, 1952
- †Groeberia pattersoni G. G. Simpson, 1970
- ?†Klohnia charrieri Flynn & Wyss 1999
- ?†Klohnia major Goin et all 2010
- ?†Epiklohnia verticalis Goin et all 2010
- ?†Praedens aberrans Goin et all 2010
- †費格奧獸科 Ferugliotheriidae Bonaparte 1986
- †溫氏費格奧獸 Ferugliotherium windhauseni Bonaparte 1986a [Vucetichia Bonaparte 1990; Vucetichia gracilis Bonaparte 1990]
- †Trapalcotherium matuastensis Rougier et al. 2008
- †南美獸科 Sudamericidae Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984 [Gondwanatheridae Bonaparte 1986]
- †Greniodon sylvanicum Goin et al. 2012
- †Vintana sertichi Krause et al. 2014
- †Dakshina jederi Wilson, Das Sarama & Anantharaman 2007
- †Gondwanatherium patagonicum Bonaparte 1986
- †Sudamerica ameghinoi Scillato-Yané & Pascual 1984
- †Lavanify miolaka Krause et al. 1997
- †Bharattherium bonapartei Prasad et al. 2007
- †Patagonia peregrina Pascual & Carlini 1987
- †TNM 02067
- 存疑屬:
- ?†Allostaffia [3]
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nicolás R. Chimento, Federico L. Agnolin and Fernando E. Novas. The bizarre ‘metatherians’ Groeberia and Patagonia, late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 2015, 27 (5): 603–623. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.903945.
- ^ Francisco J. Goin, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Laura Chornogubsky, Guillermo M. López, Javier N. Gelfo, Mariano Bond, Michael O. Woodburne, Yamila Gurovich, Marcelo Reguero. Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia. Naturwissenschaften. 2012, 99 (6): 449–463. PMID 22584426. doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0919-z.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Nicholas Chimento, Frederico Agnolin, Agustin Martinelli, Mesozoic Mammals from South America: Implications for understanding early mammalian faunas from Gondwana, May 2016
- ^ Kraus, David W. Vintana Sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. [Lincoln, NE]: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2014: 1–2.
- ^ Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B. O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., Rogers, Raymond R., Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson. First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism. Nature (Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited). 2014-11-05, 515: 512–517. Bibcode:2014Natur.515..512K. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25383528. doi:10.1038/nature13922.
- ^ Drake, Nadia. Fossil From Dinosaur Era Reveals Big Mammal With Super Senses. National Geographic Society. November 5, 2014 [November 5, 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-07).
- ^ Wilford, John Noble. Fossil’s Unusual Size and Location Offer Clues in Evolution of Mammals. New York Times. November 5, 2014 [November 6, 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-12).
- ^ Huttenlocker, Adam K.; rossnickle, David M.; Kirkland, Jam,es I.; Schultz, Julia A.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (23 May 2018). "Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ SVP 2015
- ^ Krause, David W.; Hoffmann, Simone; Wible, John R.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Schultz, Julia A.; von Koenigswald, Wighart; Groenke, Joseph R.; Rossie, James B. (2014-11-05). O'Connor, Patrick M., Seiffert, Erik R., Dumont, Elizabeth R., Holloway, Waymon L., Rogers, Raymond R., Rahantarisoa, Lydia J., Kemp, Addison D., Andriamialison, Haingoson. "First cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism". Nature. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. online. doi:10.1038/nature13922. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ^ HOFFMANN, Simone, THE FIRST POSTCRANIAL REMAINS OF A GONDWANATHERIAN MAMMAL, October 2016
- ^ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [1] (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Haaramo, Mikko. †Gondwanatheria – gondwanatheres. 2007 [30 December 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2017-09-30).
- ^ Paleofile.com (net, info) Archived copy. [2015-12-30]. (原始內容存檔於2016-01-11).. Taxonomic lists- Mammals. [30 December 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2016-02-04).