內鏡逆行胰膽管造影
內鏡逆行胰膽管造影 | |
---|---|
別稱 | ERCP |
ICD-9-CM | 51.10 |
MeSH | D002760 |
OPS-301 | 1-642 |
內窺鏡逆行胰膽管造影(英語:Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)是一種結合使用內鏡檢查和X線透視檢查來診斷和治療膽管或胰管系統某些問題的技術。[1][2]主要由訓練有素且受過專業培訓的胃腸病學家執行。[2]通過內窺鏡,醫生可以看到胃和十二指腸的內部,並將造影劑注入膽管和胰腺的導管,以便在X光片上顯示。[2]
ERCP主要用於診斷和治療膽管和主胰管的疾病,包括膽結石、炎症性狹窄(瘢痕)、滲漏(來自創傷和手術)和癌症。[3]ERCP 可以出於診斷和治療的原因進行,儘管更安全和相對無創的檢查(例如磁共振胰膽管成像(MRCP)和超音波內視鏡)的發展意味着現在很少在沒有治療目的的情況下進行ERCP。[4]
醫療用途
診斷
以下是ERCP的適應症,特別是當侵入性較小的選擇不充分或不明確時:
- 阻塞性黃疸 - 可能由於多種原因
- 慢性胰腺炎目前是一個有爭議的適應症,因為可以廣泛使用更安全的診斷方式,包括超音波內視鏡、CT和MRI/MRCP
- 胰腺腫瘤不再代表ERCP的有效診斷指征,除非它們引起膽管梗阻和黃疸。超音波內視鏡代表了一種更安全、更準確的診斷選擇
治療
當需要以下任何一項時,可以在上述診斷場景中指示ERCP:
禁忌症
對碘對比劑過敏或碘對比染劑過敏史不是ERCP的禁忌症,但應與您的醫療保健提供者討論,並應告知您對碘過敏,然後將另一種無碘對比材料(「染劑」)輕輕注入導管(胰腺或膽道)並拍攝X光片。[9]
程序
對病人進行鎮靜或麻醉。然後將內窺鏡通過嘴插入食道,進入胃,通過幽門進入十二指腸,到達法特壺腹。Oddi括約肌是一個肌肉瓣膜,控制着壺腹的開口。該區域可以在執行各種程序時使用內窺鏡相機直接可視化。通過壺腹插入塑料導管或套管,並將放射性造影劑注入膽管和胰管。透視檢查用於尋找阻塞或其他病變,如結石。[10]
需要時,可用括約肌切刀切開來擴大壺腹和膽管的括約肌,以便去除膽結石或進行其他治療。[11]
與ERCP相關的其他程序包括用籃或球囊拖曳膽總管以去除膽結石,以及插入塑料支架以幫助引流膽汁。[12]此外,還可以對胰管進行插管並插入支架。
在胰腺炎的情況下,胰管需要可視化。超聲通常是入院時進行的第一項檢查;雖然它對胰腺炎或其併發症的診斷價值不大。對比增強計算機斷層掃描(MD-CECT)是最常用的成像技術。 然而,磁共振成像(MRI)提供類似於CT的診斷能力,並具有額外的內在優勢,包括缺乏電離輻射和精細的軟組織表徵。[13]
在特定情況下,其他專用或輔助內窺鏡可用於ERCP。 這些包括母嬰和SpyGlass膽管鏡(通過直接可視化導管而不是僅獲得 X 射線圖像來幫助診斷[14][15])以及球囊腸鏡(例如,在以前接受過胰十二指腸切除術或魯氏Y型吻合術解剖的消化系統手術的患者中)。
風險
經內鏡逆行胰膽管造影術(ERCP)後最常見和最危險的併發症之一是ERCP術後胰腺炎(PEP)。在以前的研究中,PEP的發生率估計為3.5%至5%。[16][17]根據Cotton等人的說法,PEP被定義為「在需要入院或延長計劃入院時間的手術後超過24小時,澱粉酶至少達到正常上限三倍的臨床胰腺炎」。PEP嚴重程度的分級主要基於住院時間。[18]
發展PEP的風險因素包括與ERCP程序相關的技術問題和患者特定的技術問題。技術因素包括胰管的操作和造影劑注入、持續超過5分鐘的插管嘗試以及膽道球囊括約肌擴張;與患者相關的因素包括女性、年齡較小和Oddi括約肌功能障礙。[19]對臨床試驗的系統評價得出結論,既往有PEP或胰腺炎病史顯着增加PEP的風險分別為17.8%和5.5%。[20][21]
腸穿孔是任何腸胃內窺鏡手術的風險,如果進行括約肌切開術,則是額外的風險。由於十二指腸的第二部分在解剖學上位於腹膜後間隙(即在腹部的腹膜結構後面),因此括約肌切開術導致的穿孔位於腹膜後。括約肌切開術也與出血風險有關。[22][23]ERCP可能會導致易碎的肺門腫瘤創傷或導絲穿透膽管壁引起膽道出血,從而形成膽瘺。延遲出血是括約肌切開術的一種罕見但潛在的嚴重併發症,尤其是許多患者在ERCP後數小時內出院回家。
對於對含碘化合物過敏的患者,碘對比劑也存在相關風險,即使您在醫院期間發生過敏反應,也可能非常嚴重。[24][25]
參見
參考文獻
- ^ Ercp: what is it, symptoms and treatment. Top Doctors. [2022-07-02]. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-09) (英國英語).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography (ERCP). inSite Digestive Health Care. [2022-07-02]. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-02) (美國英語).
- ^ Adler, Douglas G.; Baron, Todd H.; Davila, Raquel E.; Egan, James; Hirota, William K.; Leighton, Jonathan A.; Qureshi, Waqar; Rajan, Elizabeth; Zuckerman, Marc J.; Fanelli, Robert; Wheeler-Harbaugh, Jo. ASGE guideline: the role of ERCP in diseases of the biliary tract and the pancreas. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2005-07, 62 (1). ISSN 0016-5107. PMID 15990812. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2005.04.015.
- ^ Tharian, Benjamin; George, Nayana Elizabeth; Tham, Tony Chiew Keong. What is the current role of endoscopy in primary sclerosing cholangitis?. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2015-08-10, 7 (10) [2022-07-02]. ISSN 1948-5190. PMC 4530326 . PMID 26265986. doi:10.4253/wjge.v7.i10.920. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-04).
- ^ Tabibian, James H.; Visrodia, Kavel H.; Levy, Michael J.; Gostout, Christopher J. Advanced endoscopic imaging of indeterminate biliary strictures. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2015-12-10, 7 (18) [2022-07-02]. ISSN 1948-5190. PMC 4673389 . PMID 26675379. doi:10.4253/wjge.v7.i18.1268. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-16).
- ^ Coucke, Ethan M.; Akbar, Hina; Kahloon, Arslan; Lopez, Peter P. Biliary Obstruction. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2022 [2022-07-02]. PMID 30969520. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-06).
- ^ Tabibian, James H.; Asham, Emad H.; Han, Steven; Saab, Sammy; Tong, Myron J.; Goldstein, Leonard; Busuttil, Ronald W.; Durazo, Francisco A. Endoscopic treatment of postorthotopic liver transplantation anastomotic biliary strictures with maximal stent therapy (with video). Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2010-03, 71 (3). ISSN 1097-6779. PMID 20189508. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2009.10.023.
- ^ Scheurer, U. Acute pancreatitis--ERCP/endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) yes or no?. Swiss Surgery = Schweizer Chirurgie = Chirurgie Suisse = Chirurgia Svizzera. 2000, 6 (5) [2022-07-02]. ISSN 1023-9332. PMID 11077490. doi:10.1024/1023-9332.6.5.246. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-09).
- ^ ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography). MNGI Digestive Health. [2022-07-02]. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-06) (美國英語).
- ^ Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. [2022-07-03]. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-13) (美國英語).
- ^ Deng, Deng-Hao; Zuo, Hong-Mei; Wang, Jia-Feng; Gu, Zhi-E.; Chen, Hong; Luo, Yuan; Chen, Ming; Huang, Wen-Nuo; Wang, Lu; Lu, Wei. New precut sphincterotomy for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in difficult biliary duct cannulation. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007-08-28, 13 (32) [2022-07-03]. ISSN 1007-9327. PMC 4250869 . PMID 17708616. doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i32.4385. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-04).
- ^ Kelly, Nicholas M.; Caddy, Grant R. Successful endoscopic management of fractured Dormia basket during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for choledocholithiasis. The Ulster Medical Journal. 2008-01, 77 (1) [2022-07-03]. ISSN 0041-6193. PMC 2397011 . PMID 18271088. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-06).
- ^ Busireddy, Kiran K.; AlObaidy, Mamdoh; Ramalho, Miguel; Kalubowila, Janaka; Baodong, Liu; Santagostino, Ilaria; Semelka, Richard C. Pancreatitis-imaging approach. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology. 2014-08-15, 5 (3) [2022-07-03]. ISSN 2150-5330. PMC 4133524 . PMID 25133027. doi:10.4291/wjgp.v5.i3.252. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-07).
- ^ ASGE Technology Committee; Komanduri, Sri; Thosani, Nirav; Abu Dayyeh, Barham K.; Aslanian, Harry R.; Enestvedt, Brintha K.; Manfredi, Michael; Maple, John T.; Navaneethan, Udayakumar; Pannala, Rahul; Parsi, Mansour A. Cholangiopancreatoscopy. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2016-08, 84 (2). ISSN 1097-6779. PMID 27236413. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2016.03.013.
- ^ Farrell, J. J.; Bounds, B. C.; Al-Shalabi, S.; Jacobson, B. C.; Brugge, W. R.; Schapiro, R. H.; Kelsey, P. B. Single-operator duodenoscope-assisted cholangioscopy is an effective alternative in the management of choledocholithiasis not removed by conventional methods, including mechanical lithotripsy. Endoscopy. 2005-06, 37 (6) [2022-07-03]. ISSN 0013-726X. PMID 15933927. doi:10.1055/s-2005-861306. (原始內容存檔於2022-08-12).
- ^ Dumonceau, Jean-Marc; Andriulli, Angelo; Elmunzer, B. Joseph; Mariani, Alberto; Meister, Tobias; Deviere, Jacques; Marek, Tomasz; Baron, Todd H.; Hassan, Cesare; Testoni, Pier A.; Kapral, Christine. Prophylaxis of post-ERCP pancreatitis: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline - updated June 2014. Endoscopy. 2014-09, 46 (9) [2022-07-03]. ISSN 1438-8812. PMID 25148137. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1377875. (原始內容存檔於2022-08-02).
- ^ Årsrapporter 2016. GallRiks. Uppsala Clinical Research Center. 2017-08-19 [2022-07-03]. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-06) (瑞典語).
- ^ Cotton, P. B.; Lehman, G.; Vennes, J.; Geenen, J. E.; Russell, R. C.; Meyers, W. C.; Liguory, C.; Nickl, N. Endoscopic sphincterotomy complications and their management: an attempt at consensus. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1991-05, 37 (3). ISSN 0016-5107. PMID 2070995. doi:10.1016/s0016-5107(91)70740-2.
- ^ Syrén, E.; Eriksson, S.; Enochsson, L.; Eklund, A.; Sandblom, G. Risk factors for pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. BJS open. 2019-08, 3 (4) [2022-07-04]. ISSN 2474-9842. PMC 6681151 . PMID 31406957. doi:10.1002/bjs5.50162. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-04).
- ^ Chen, Jian-Jun; Wang, Xi-Mo; Liu, Xing-Qiang; Li, Wen; Dong, Mo; Suo, Zong-Wu; Ding, Po; Li, Yue. Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis: a systematic review of clinical trials with a large sample size in the past 10 years. European Journal of Medical Research. 2014-05-15, 19 (1). ISSN 2047-783X. PMC 4035895 . PMID 24886445. doi:10.1186/2047-783X-19-26.
- ^ Park, Namyoung; Lee, Sang Hyub; You, Min Su; Kim, Joo Seong; Huh, Gunn; Chun, Jung Won; Cho, In Rae; Paik, Woo Hyun; Ryu, Ji Kon; Kim, Yong-Tae. Optimal timing of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for acute cholangitis associated with distal malignant biliary obstruction. BMC Gastroenterology. 2021-04-17, 21 (1). ISSN 1471-230X. PMC 8052855 . PMID 33865307. doi:10.1186/s12876-021-01755-z.
- ^ Andriulli, Angelo; Loperfido, Silvano; Napolitano, Grazia; Niro, Grazia; Valvano, Maria Rosa; Spirito, Fulvio; Pilotto, Alberto; Forlano, Rosario. Incidence rates of post-ERCP complications: a systematic survey of prospective studies. The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007-08, 102 (8) [2022-07-04]. ISSN 0002-9270. PMID 17509029. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01279.x. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-16).
- ^ Canard, Jean Marc; Lennon, Anne Marie; Létard, Jean-Christophe; Etienne, Jacques; Okolo, Patrick. CHAPTER 10 - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Canard, Jean Marc (編). Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Practice. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 2011-01-01: 370–465 [2022-07-04]. ISBN 978-0-7020-3128-1. doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3128-1.00010-9. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-06) (英語).
- ^ Dewachter, Pascale; Mouton-Faivre, Claudie. [Allergy to iodinated drugs and to foods rich in iodine: Iodine is not the allergenic determinant]. Presse Medicale (Paris, France: 1983). 2015-11, 44 (11) [2022-07-04]. ISSN 2213-0276. PMID 26387623. doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2014.12.008. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-09).
- ^ Bottinor, Wendy; Polkampally, Pritam; Jovin, Ion. Adverse reactions to iodinated contrast media. The International Journal of Angiology: Official Publication of the International College of Angiology, Inc. 2013-09, 22 (3) [2022-07-04]. ISSN 1061-1711. PMC 3770975 . PMID 24436602. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1348885. (原始內容存檔於2022-08-04).