跳至內容

伊朗—沙特阿拉伯代理人衝突

本頁使用了標題或全文手工轉換
維基百科，自由的百科全書
伊朗—沙特阿拉伯代理人衝突
這阿拉伯之冬的一部分

衝突現況圖：
  伊朗
  沙烏地阿拉伯
  代理衝突位置
日期1979 年2月11日—現今[74][75]
(45年9個月2周又1天)
地點
各種（主要是中東）
參戰方

伊朗 伊朗

代理人:[22]
支援:

 沙烏地阿拉伯

代理人:
支援:
指揮官與領導者

阿里·哈梅內伊
(伊朗最高領袖)
易卜拉欣·萊希
(伊朗總統)
伊斯梅爾·賈尼
(聖城軍指揮官)
巴沙爾·阿薩德
(敘利亞總統)
哈桑·納斯魯拉
(真主黨總書記)
哈迪·阿米里（英語：Hadi Al-Amiri）
巴德爾組織領導者)
阿卜杜勒-馬立克·胡塞
(胡塞運動領導者)
蓋斯·卡扎利（英語：Qais al-Khazali）
(阿薩伊布·阿爾·哈克（英語：Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq）總書記)[76]
阿克拉姆·阿爾- 卡比
( 真主黨精英運動總書記)[77]
伊拉克 努里·馬利基 (伊斯蘭達瓦黨總書記, 伊拉克前總理)[78]
穆罕默德·阿里·賈法裡（英語：Mohammad Ali Jafari） (2007–19)
(伊斯蘭革命衛隊指揮官)[79][80][81]
卡西姆·阿爾- 穆阿門( 阿什塔爾旅（英語：Al-Ashtar Brigades）領導者)[82]
阿布·阿拉·瓦萊(巴基斯坦真主黨（英語：Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada）總書記)[83]

前領導人
 薩勒曼·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲·阿勒沙特
(沙特阿拉伯國王)
穆罕默德·本·薩勒曼
(Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia（英語：Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia） and 沙特阿拉伯首相)
Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud（英語：Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud）
(Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)（英語：Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)）)[85]
Thamer al-Sabhan
(Minister of Gulf Affairs)[86]
Obeid Fadel Al-Shammari
(Commander of Saudi Arabia Force in Yemen)[87]
法赫德·本·圖爾基·本·阿卜杜勒阿齊茲·阿勒沙特
(Commander of the Joint Forces)[88]
Hassan bin Hamza al-Shehri
(Peninsula Shield Force（英語：Peninsula Shield Force）)[89]
拉沙德·阿利米
(Chairman of the Presidential Leadership Council（英語：Presidential Leadership Council）)
前領導人

伊朗—沙特阿拉伯代理人衝突是指伊朗和沙特阿拉伯為爭奪中東和穆斯林世界的影響力而展開的代理人戰爭。 [94]兩國都介入敘利亞內戰[95][96]、也門內戰[97] ，以及巴林、 [98]黎巴嫩、 [99]卡塔爾[100]和伊拉克[101] 國內的爭端。伊朗將自己視為什葉派國家領袖，而沙特阿拉伯則將自己視為遜尼派國家領袖。[102]

截至2023年3月10日，由於中沙伊斡旋談判，伊朗和沙特阿拉伯之間的外交關係已經恢復[103][104]。

參考文獻

  1. ^ Daoud, David. Meet the Proxies: How Iran Spreads Its Empire through Terrorist Militias. The Tower Magazine (24). March 2015 [18 August 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-31）. 
  2. ^ Hashim, Ahmed Salah, Saudi-Iranian Rivalry and Conflict: Shia Province as Casus Belli? (PDF), RSIS Commentary (S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies), 29 January 2016, (22) [18 August 2016], （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2017-11-16） 
  3. ^ Abedin, Mahan. Saudi Shi'ites: New light on an old divide. 亞洲時報在線. 26 October 2006 [24 April 2017]. （原始內容存檔於18 March 2017）. 
  4. ^ Mashal, Mujib; Faizi, Fatima. Iran Sent Them to Syria. Now Afghan Fighters Are a Worry at Home.. The New York Times. 11 November 2017 [4 February 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-17）. 
  5. ^ Exclusive: Iran Steps up Support for Houthis in Yemen's War – Sources. U.S. News & World Report. 21 March 2017 [30 March 2017]. （原始內容存檔於22 March 2017）. 
  6. ^ Will Saudi Arabia become a new drone battleground?. 德國之聲. [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-01）. An Iraqi militia has claimed responsibility for two suicide drones fired at Riyadh earlier this week — and vowed to do it again. The new group suggested Saudis should be sleeping with one eye open from now on. 
  7. ^ Iran's Guards Renew Pledge To Support Iraqi Shiite Militias. 9 August 2021 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-27）. 
  8. ^ Friedman, George (19 March 2018) The Role of Militias in Iran's Strategy for Iraq （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Geopolitical Futures Retrieved on 12 August 2021
  9. ^ Wess, Caleb. Bahraini militant group adopts IRGC branding. February 23, 2018 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2018-04-01）. At the same time, Saraya al Ashtar reaffirmed its loyalty to the Islamic Republic of Iran. "We believe that the commander and ruler of the Islamic religion is the line of the two imams, Khomeini and Khamenei, which is in the original Muhammad approach in confronting the oppressors and fighting back against the tyrants," the group's statement reads. 
  10. ^ Iran's Islamist Proxies in the Middle East. Wilson Center. [14 July 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2024-06-18）. 
  11. ^ Hezbollah's Hassan Nasrallah accuses Saudi Arabia of 'terrorism' （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） "Hassan Nasrallah accuses Saudi Arabia of spreading ISIL ideology across the region amid rising political tensions". 半島媒體集團.
  12. ^ Sapir, Teddy. Hezbollah and Saudi Arabia – a routine of clashes. Alma, Research and Education Centre. 6 February 2022 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-27）. During the Syrian civil war, the conflict between Saudi Arabia and Hezbollah escalated due to the Saudi-Iranian rivalry. 
  13. ^ Exclusive: Hamas Official Discusses Decline of Iranian Support. موقع الدكتور عدنان ابو عامر. [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-26）. 
  14. ^ What is behind the Saudi campaign against Hamas? （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） "By launching arrests of its supporters and cutting off financial flows to Gaza, Riyadh aims to corner Hamas."
  15. ^ The Huseynyun: Iran's new IRGC-backed movement in Azerbaijan. October 9, 2021 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2021-10-09）. 
  16. ^ Fouad, Ahmed. Iran's relationship with Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood comes under renewed scrutiny. The Arab Weekly. [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-30）. The Muslim Brotherhood may not be the only extremist Sunni group in Egypt supported by IRGC. 
  17. ^ Iran and Muslim Brotherhood: A Bizarre Alliance of Two Rival Ideologies （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） STRAFASIA Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  18. ^ Kashmir – The New Battlefield For Saudi-Iran Proxy War – Israel Media Reports. 22 July 2019 [29 August 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2024-05-30）. 
  19. ^ Bahi, Riham. Iran-Saudi Rivalry in Africa: Implications for Regional Stability. Middle East Policy. 2018, 25 (4): 33 [2024-04-27]. S2CID 159397471. doi:10.1111/mepo.12374. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-08） （英語）. 
  20. ^ Tangaza, Haruna Shehu. Islamic Movement in Nigeria: The Iranian-inspired Shia group. 英國廣播公司新聞部. 5 August 2019 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-25）. Nigeria's government has taken the controversial decision to ban a pro-Iranian Shia group, accusing it of unleashing violence and being an "enemy of the state". 
  21. ^ Has the Saudi-Iran rivalry reached the Western Sahara region? （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） TRTWorld Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  22. ^ War by Proxy （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） CSIS
  23. ^ Berti, Benedetta; Guzansky, Yoel. The Syrian Crisis and the Saudi-Iranian Rivalry. Foreign Policy Research Institute. October 2012 [11 August 2013]. （原始內容存檔於20 May 2013）. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Awaad, Aboubakr Fathy. Iranian Saudi rivalry over the regional role ... Syria as a model. Review of Economics and Political Science. 1 January 2020,. ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print). S2CID 219777144. doi:10.1108/REPS-07-2019-0094 可免費查閱. 
  25. ^ Saudi Arabia says Lebanon has declared war on it. Reuters. 6 November 2017 [10 November 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-29）. 
  26. ^ Perry, Tom; Ghantous, Ghaida. Analysis: Lebanon is dragged back into eye of Iranian-Saudi storm. Reuters. 2 November 2021 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-30）. 
  27. ^ How Saudi Arabia pushed Iraq into the arms of Iran （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Lawfare
  28. ^ Zarif sends warning letter to UN chief about US threats to Iran oil tankers. 伊朗國家通訊社. 17 May 2020 [24 May 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-10）. 
  29. ^ Iran Supports Maduro as the President of Venezuela. Iran International. 24 January 2019 [1 January 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-25）. 
  30. ^ Iran, Venezuela in "axis of unity" against U.S. Reuters. 2 July 2007 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）. 
  31. ^ Gokay, Bulent. In Saudi Arabia's quest to debilitate the Iranian economy, they destroyed Venezuela. 獨立報 (英國). 9 August 2017 [4 March 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-27）. Venezuela is the most disastrously oil-dependent state in the world. Oil accounts for 96 per cent of exports and more than 40 per cent of government revenues 
  32. ^ The September 14 drone attack on Saudi oil fields: North Korea's potential role | NK News. NK News – North Korea News. September 30, 2019 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-11）. 
  33. ^ Arab powers sever Qatar ties, citing support for militants. Reuters. [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-09）. The Arab world's biggest powers cut ties with Qatar on Monday, accusing it of support for Islamist militants and Iran, and reopening a festering wound two weeks after U.S. President Donald Trump's demand for Muslim states to fight terrorism. 
  34. ^ Qatari Emir Calls for Promotion of Ties. Financial Tribune. [4 October 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-27）. 
  35. ^ Oman's dangerous double game 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期1 August 2021. "The sultanate, a U.S. ally, seems to be helping Tehran wage a proxy war against Saudi Arabia in Yemen."
  36. ^ قيادي حوثي منشق أرتمى في أحضان السعودية يهاجم سلطنة عمان: مسقط العربية تحولت إلى مشهد الإيرانية!. 16 August 2018 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-21） （阿拉伯語）. 
  37. ^ Mana'a and al-Ahmar received money from Gaddafi to shake security of KSA, Yemen. 4 September 2011 [2 March 2021]. （原始內容存檔於10 February 2013）. 
  38. ^ Former Revolutionary Guards minister: Gaddafi supplied Iran with missiles, asked to target Saudi Arabia. 邁赫爾通訊社. [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-28）. 
  39. ^ Youssef, Fatah Al-Rahman. Omar Al-Bashir: We cannot allow Shi'ite presence in Sudan. 中東報. 12 October 2014 [18 May 2016]. （原始內容存檔於1 April 2016）. 
  40. ^ Martin Chulov. Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria. 衛報. 31 August 2017 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-29）. 
  41. ^ Iddon, Paul. Erbil is not another front in the Saudi-Iran regional proxy war. Rudaw Media Network（英語：Rudaw Media Network）. 28 July 2016 [20 June 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2018-07-05）. 
  42. ^ Dehghanpisheh, Babak. To Iranian eyes, Kurdish unrest spells Saudi incitement. 路透社. 4 September 2016 [2 November 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-24）. 
  43. ^ Merat, Arron. Iran calls for return of abducted border guards held in Pakistan需要付費訂閱. 每日電訊報. 28 March 2014 [20 October 2014]. （原始內容存檔於12 January 2022）. 
  44. ^ 44.0 44.1 Iran Guards' Commander Says US, Saudis Supplying Arms To Militant Groups. Radio Farda. [17 July 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2023-09-21）. 
  45. ^ Lebanese Hezbollah: Ahvaz crime reaction to Resistance victories. Islamic Republic News Agency. 23 September 2018 [4 February 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-20）. 
  46. ^ Rasmussen, Sune Engel, Dissidents Call for United Front Against Iran After Assassination Attempts需要付費訂閱, The Wall Street Journal, 25 November 2018 [17 July 2020], （原始內容存檔於2023-04-04） 
  47. ^ 47.0 47.1 Karami, Arash. Were Saudis behind Abbas-MEK meeting?. Al-Monitor（英語：Al-Monitor）. 2 August 2016 [18 August 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-24）. 
  48. ^ Iranian Kurds Return to Arms (Analysis). Stratfor. 29 July 2016 [29 September 2016]. （原始內容存檔於30 July 2016）. 
  49. ^ Saudis reportedly funding insurgents. The Seattle Times. September 8, 2006 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2024-06-16）. Private Saudi citizens are giving millions of dollars to Sunni insurgents in Iraq and much of the money is used to buy weapons 
  50. ^ Former Saddam aide seeks to reshape Iraq's Sunni insurgency. Reuters. 10 April 2016 [2 August 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-04）. 
  51. ^ Saddam's 'king of clubs' reappears on Baath anniversary. Rudaw（英語：Rudaw）. 8 April 2018 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-26）. 
  52. ^ Lebanon vote deals blow to Hezbollah, preliminary results show. Reuters. [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2023-09-15）. 
  53. ^ Factbox: What is the Lebanese Forces?. Reuters. 16 May 2022 [12 July 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-04）. 
  54. ^ Goulka, Jeremiah; Hansell, Lydia; Wilke, Elizabeth; Larson, Judith. The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq: a policy conundrum (PDF). 蘭德公司. 2009 [8 October 2016]. ISBN 978-0-8330-4701-4. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於22 February 2016）. 
  55. ^ Mousavian, Seyed Hossein. From Iran to Nice, We Must Confront All Terrorism to End Terrorism. 赫芬頓郵報. 21 July 2016 [18 August 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-11）. 
  56. ^ Saudi Arabia Wants to Roll Back Iran. The National Interest. [13 January 2023]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-28）. n July 9, Prince Turki bin Faisal, former Saudi intelligence head, unprecedentedly attended a rally for the notorious Iranian opposition group Mujahedeen Khalq (MEK) and called for the overthrow of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 
  57. ^ How the Trump administration got into a showdown with Iran that could lead to war. Business Insider. 25 May 2019 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-20）. 
  58. ^ The Tension Between America and Iran, Explained. The New York Times. 16 May 2019 [25 May 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-25）. 
  59. ^ Hitchens, Theresa. Israel Meets With UAE, Declares It's Joining Persian Gulf Coalition. 16 August 2019 [7 September 2019]. （原始內容存檔於21 August 2019）. 
  60. ^ Tibon, Amir. Warsaw Summit Will Test U.S. Gamble on Israeli-Arab Pact Against Iran. Haaretz. 13 February 2019 [4 February 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-13）. 
  61. ^ The enemy of my enemy is my friend — an alliance that may save the Middle East. 國會山報. 23 August 2019 [16 September 2019]. （原始內容存檔於3 September 2019）. 
  62. ^ Royal Navy destroyer returns from defending British shipping in Hormuz Strait. BT Group. 28 September 2019 [28 September 2019]. （原始內容存檔於28 September 2019）. 
  63. ^ 63.0 63.1 Jordan and Saudi Arabia draw closer. Country.eiu.com. [19 March 2019]. （原始內容存檔於6 December 2018）. 
  64. ^ 64.0 64.1 Dunne, Charles W. Saudi-Emirati-Egyptian Alliance Steering US Middle East Policy. 26 June 2019 [4 October 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-22）. 
  65. ^ 65.0 65.1 65.2 Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE reiterate support for Bahrain's fiscal programme. Reuters. 20 October 2021 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-22）. 
  66. ^ Bahrain Jails 169 For Founding 'Iran-Linked Terror Group'. RFE/RL. [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-27）. 
  67. ^ Why did Morocco cut its diplomatic ties with Iran? -. 30 May 2019 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-28）. 
  68. ^ Diplomatic relations between Morocco and Iran sour over Western Sahara dispute. 16 July 2018 [2024-04-27]. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-31）. 
  69. ^ Yemen cuts diplomatic relations with Iran: spokesman. Xinhua. 2 October 2015 [9 August 2022]. （原始內容存檔於4 October 2015）. 
  70. ^ Now is the time for Kuwait to join the growing Anti-Iran Coalition （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） JINSA
  71. ^ Mideast tensions soar as Saudi Arabia rallies countries to cut ties with Iran. 華盛頓郵報. [4 January 2016]. （原始內容存檔於4 January 2016）. 
  72. ^ 72.0 72.1 Vatanka, Alex. The Odd Couple. The Majalla（英語：The Majalla） (Saudi Research and Publishing Company（英語：Saudi Research and Publishing Company）). 22 March 2012 [7 November 2012]. （原始內容存檔於29 November 2014）. 
  73. ^ Qatar recalls envoy to Iran after attacks on Saudi missions: State News. Reuters. 6 January 2016 [2016-01-27]. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-18）. 
  74. ^ Joyner, Alfred. Iran vs Saudi Arabia: The Middle East cold war explained. International Business Times. 4 January 2016 [11 August 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-30）. 
  75. ^ Poole, Thom. Iran and Saudi Arabia's great rivalry explained. 英國廣播公司新聞部. 20 October 2017 [23 September 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-29）. 
  76. ^ Bowen, Jeremy. The fearsome Iraqi militia vowing to vanquish Isis. 英國廣播公司新聞部. 7 July 2014 [3 August 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-20）. 
  77. ^ قائد النجباء يكشف مخططات السبهان للعراق. alkawthartv.com | قناة الکوثر. [5 July 2018]. （原始內容存檔於5 July 2018）. 
  78. ^ Al-Maliki Accuses Saudi Arabia of Supporting Terrorism. AlahedNews. 22 April 2014 [4 February 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-27）. 
  79. ^ Pileggi, Tamar. Iran denies top general called Saudi, not Israel, its enemy. 以色列時報. 15 March 2016 [15 November 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-16）. 
  80. ^ Iran Guards head calls Saudi Arabia 'terrorist state'. The Times of Israel. 4 July 2017 [15 November 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-16）. 
  81. ^ Saudi Arabia, Zionist regime behind resignation of Lebanese PM. 邁赫爾通訊社. 5 November 2017 [15 November 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-16）. 
  82. ^ State Department Terrorist Designation of Qassim Abdullah Ali Ahmed, AKA Qassim al-Muamen (新聞稿). United States Department of State. 13 August 2018 [4 February 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-04-14）. 
  83. ^ الولائي يدين الاعتداءات الجبانة من ال سعود على اطفال اليمن ويعلن تطوعه مرة اخرى لنصرة اهل اليمن – الحاج ابو الاء الولائي. 11 October 2018 [24 July 2022]. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-11）. 
  84. ^ بالفيديو .. تصريح ناري لأبو مهدي المهندس حول السعودية والإمارات!. alkawthartv.com | قناة الکوثر. [5 July 2018]. （原始內容存檔於5 September 2019）. 
  85. ^ PROFILE: New Saudi Interior Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Saud bin Nayef. Al Arabiya English. 21 June 2017 [15 November 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-14）. 
  86. ^ Frantzman, Seth J. Riyadh's 'anti-Hezbollah minister'. 耶路撒冷郵報. 8 November 2017 [24 May 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-14）. 
  87. ^ تعيين المقدم عبيد فاضل الشمري بدلًا من السهيان. Alweeam.com.sa. 15 December 2015 [24 May 2018] （阿拉伯語）. [永久失效連結]
  88. ^ Tawfeeq, Mohammed. Saudi Arabia replaces military commanders in late-night reshuffle. CNN. 27 February 2018 [24 May 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2024-02-27）. 
  89. ^ BDF Commander-in-Chief meets new Joint Peninsula Shield Forces Commander. Bahrain News Agency（英語：Bahrain News Agency）. 21 May 2014 [22 March 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-26）. 
  90. ^ Henderson, Simon. Saudi Arabia's Domestic and Foreign Intelligence Challenges. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 21 February 2014 [24 February 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-03-01）. 
  91. ^ Lippman, Thomas W. Saudi Intel Chief Prince Bandar Is Out, But Is He Really Out?. Middle East Institute. 16 April 2014 [14 July 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-07-15）. 
  92. ^ Al Saeri, Muqbil. A talk with Peninsula Shield force commander Mutlaq bin Salem Al Azima. 中東報. March 2011 [29 March 2011]. （原始內容存檔於29 July 2011）. 
  93. ^ Bronner, Ethan; Slackman, Michael. Saudi Troops Enter Bahrain to Help Put Down Unrest. 紐約時報. 14 March 2011 [12 March 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2017-12-01）. 
  94. ^ Rubin, Jennifer. The Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy war. The Washington Post. 6 January 2016 [19 June 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2018-08-14）. 
  95. ^ Gerges, Fawaz. Saudi Arabia and Iran must end their proxy war in Syria. 衛報. 15 December 2013 [7 March 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-08）. 
  96. ^ Rogin, Josh. Iran and Saudi Arabia Clash Inside Syria Talks. 彭博新聞社. 4 November 2015 [7 March 2018]. （原始內容存檔於4 May 2016）. ...Iran and Saudi Arabia to discuss anything civilly, much less come to an agreement on Syria, where both sides have proxy forces in the fight. 
  97. ^ Tisdall, Simon. Iran-Saudi proxy war in Yemen explodes into region-wide crisis. 衛報. 25 March 2015 [26 February 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-31）. 
  98. ^ Mabon, Simon. The Battle for Bahrain: Iranian-Saudi Rivalry. Middle East Policy Council. [16 June 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-22）. 
  99. ^ Ghattas, Kim. Iran-Saudi tensions simmer in Lebanon. 英國廣播公司新聞部. 20 May 2016 [21 September 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-07）. 
  100. ^ Kenyon, Peter. Qatar's Crisis With Saudi Arabia And Gulf Neighbors Has Decades-Long Roots. 全國公共廣播電台. 17 June 2017 [28 June 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-24）. 
  101. ^ Rubin, Alissa J. Iraq Before the War: A Fractured, Pent-Up Society. 紐約時報. 6 July 2016 [13 July 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2018-08-14）. 
  102. ^ Marcus, Jonathan. Why Saudi Arabia and Iran are bitter rivals. 英國廣播公司新聞部. 16 September 2019 [31 October 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-22） （英國英語）. 
  103. ^ 中东宿敌伊朗与沙特阿拉伯在北京斡旋下将恢复外交关系. RFI - 法國國際廣播電台. 2023-03-10 [2023-03-11]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-13） （中文（簡體））. 
  104. ^ 中国斡旋下，伊朗与沙特七年后恢复建交. BBC News 中文. 2023-03-11 [2023-03-11]. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-14） （中文（簡體））. 
取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=伊朗—沙特阿拉伯代理人冲突&oldid=84921342」