亨利·埃弗里
亨利·埃弗里 | |
---|---|
出生 | 1653年8月20日 英國德文郡普利茅斯牛頓費勒斯 |
逝世 | 1699-1714年 可能是英格蘭德文郡 |
職業 | 海盜 |
亨利·埃弗里(Henry Every、Henry Avery;1653年8月20日—?),有時又叫傑克·埃弗里(Jack Avery)、約翰·埃弗里(John Avery),此外還用過化名Benjamin Bridgeman、Long Ben等,是一位著名的17世紀英國海盜,是少數逃脫絞刑的海盜之一,被稱為「海盜王」[1]。
他最著名的事跡是搶劫了莫臥兒帝國派往麥加朝聖的「根傑伊薩瓦伊號」(Ganj-i-sawai)單桅三角帆船及其護衛艦「法塔赫穆罕默德號」(Fateh Muhammed),這次行動中他搶得了價值£600,000(2024年的£9708萬[2])的財寶,使得他成為當時世界上最有錢的海盜。然而這也嚴重影響了英國和莫臥兒帝國之間的關係,英國樞密院和東印度公司因此懸賞£1,000通緝埃弗里[3]。雖然他的很多船員遭到了逮捕,但埃弗里本人卻得以逃脫[4]。
生平
1653年8月20日,他出生於德文郡普利茅斯東南9.7公里(6英里)處的小村Newton Ferrers[5][6]。埃弗里年輕時曾在皇家海軍服役,三十歲出頭時是魯珀特號(HMS Rupert)上的海軍軍官候補生,船長為弗朗西斯·惠勒(Francis Wheeler)[7]。1690年6月末,他跟隨惠勒乘上阿爾比馬爾號(HMS Albemarle),可能兩星期後參與過英法之間的比奇角戰役(Battle of Beachy Head),英軍大敗虧輸[8][9]。同年8月29日,他被踢出了皇家海軍。[10][11]
離開皇家海軍之後,他開始從事大西洋的黑奴貿易活動,為皇家非洲公司工作[12][13]。1693年,埃弗里加入了一艘名為查理二世號的私掠船,船長叫查爾斯·吉布森(Charles Gibson)[14],受僱於西班牙,專門打擊法國的商船及海盜。不過大半年間,查理二世號都沒有遇上法國的商船或海盜,船員都沒有糧餉,因此船員發生叛變,在加勒比海的一個島上將船偷走,埃弗里則被推舉為新任船長,並將船隻易名為幻想號(Fancy)。
成為船長後,埃弗里在加勒比海一帶與其他海盜結成聯盟。1695年,埃弗里與其他海盜襲擊了莫臥兒王朝的船隻,奪去了巨額財寶,莫臥兒王朝向英國施壓,英國發出通緝令通緝埃弗里,但埃弗里得到巴哈馬總督的疪護。後來,埃弗里出航到愛爾蘭,英國海軍聞風趕到,捕捉了埃弗里的同黨,但埃弗里已經消聲匿跡,自此再沒有任何埃弗里的蹤影,埃弗里成為少數最終能逃過絞刑的海盜。世間一般認為他是在1699年於英格蘭逝世。
後來美國各地發現鑄造時間為17世紀末的阿拉伯錢幣,顯示埃弗里以及他的船員可能逃到了美洲大陸。[15]
參考文獻
- ^ Burgess 2009a,第138頁
- ^ 見英國零售價指數,數據來自Clark, Gregory. The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series). MeasuringWorth. 2017 [2022-06-11].
- ^ Burgess 2009a,第144頁
- ^ Woodard 2007
- ^ Baer 2005,第91頁
- ^ Marley 2010,第589頁
- ^ Baer 1994,第3頁
- ^ Baer 1994,第4頁
- ^ Marley 2010,第590頁
- ^ Fox 2008,第19–29頁
- ^ Marley 2010,第589–590頁
- ^ Botting 1978,第80頁
- ^ Phillips 1744,第197頁
- ^ Baer 2005,第230頁
- ^ 17世纪的海盗王可能逃到了北美. www.solidot.org. [2021-04-07]. (原始內容存檔於2022-05-24).
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