雲吸
雲吸 是在滑翔傘、懸掛式滑翔傘和滑翔機等飛行中的常見現象。在這些飛行中由於積雲(尤其是塔狀積雲和積雲底部)的熱量,飛行員會感受到明顯的升力。積雲的深度(垂直長度)是一個很好的指標,可以通過它去判斷雲下升力的強度和潛在的雲吸。[1] 雲吸通常發生在低氣壓天氣和潮濕天氣下。[2]
形成原因
雲吸與雲底附近的上升熱氣流的速度有關。隨着空氣包裹在熱量中上升後,他也會冷卻。如果上升到了抬升凝結高度水蒸氣最終會被凝結成雲。當水蒸氣凝結時,他釋放出汽化熱,從而增加包裹的浮力。[3]上升氣流被這種潛熱釋放放大。[1][4]雖然造成這种放大的過程發生在雲底高度之上,但是卻經常能影響到雲底之下300公尺(980英尺)。事實上,飛行員所說的雲吸,通常是指雲底之下的影響,而非雲內的影響。飛行員識別在雲吸熱量中的爬升可以通過:1、升力加強;2、升力變平穩;3、熱量加寬。
滑翔傘飛行員報告說沒辦法在強烈的雲吸中下降,即使在傘蓋進入深度螺旋後也是如此,這通常會導致快速垂直下降。[5]雲吸對於最大航速小於30節的滑翔傘飛行員尤其危險,因為暴風雲(積雨雲)可以在大範圍內擴展和發展,並伴隨大面積的強升力。[6]
與懸掛式滑翔傘相比,滑翔機的最大速度要高得多(通常超過每小時250公里),而且可以通過快速飛離或者用高效的空氣制動器更容易地從強大的積雨雲中逃離。滑翔機還有一個好處是飛行員可以通過旋轉讓飛機快速下降而不至於超速。
雲吸對有動力飛機也有影響,但通常不是致命危險,除非在極端天氣下。[6]
歷史事故
2007年2月14日,在為澳大利亞滑翔傘比賽練習時,出生於波蘭的德國隊隊員 Ewa Wiśnierska-Cieślewicz[7] 被吸入積雨雲,以每秒20米(每分鐘4,000英尺)[8]的速度上升到9,946米(32,600英尺)。[9]她因缺氧而失去知覺,但30到60分鐘後恢復知覺。三個半小時後在降落時仍被冰層覆蓋。[10][11][12]
2007年,42歲的中國滑翔傘飛行員何忠品(音)在被吸入同樣的風暴系統後,在5900米(19,000英尺)的高度被閃電擊中生亡。他的屍體在第二天被發現,距離進入雲層前所知道的最後位置相差15公里(9.3英里)。[13]
2014年,66 歲從陸軍退役的將軍、意大利飛行員 Paolo Antoniazzi,在被吸入雷暴後生亡。[14]
美國海軍謝南多厄號(USS Shenandoah)——美國建造的第一艘硬式飛艇,也是世界上第一艘用氦氣充氣的飛艇。在與颮線相關的雲吸事故中墜毀。1925年9月3日早上6點左右,俄亥俄州諾布爾縣北部的艾瓦附近,謝南多厄號在2100英尺的高空突然被猛烈的上升氣流捲入,以每秒1米的速度上升。在大約6,200英尺的高度,上升被控制,但飛艇開始下降。當它到達地面的一半距離時,被另一股上升氣流擊中,並開始以更快的速度迅速上升。最後,龍骨斷裂,船在距地面一英里多的高度解體了。謝南多厄號的指揮官和其他13名官兵犧牲。29名船員在解體中倖存下來,雖然他們一些人受到了重傷。[15][16]
參考資料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Pagen, Dennis. The Art of Paragliding. City: Black Mountain Books. 2001: 105, 108. ISBN 0-936310-14-6.
Remember, the thickness of a cumulus clouds is the biggest indicator of the level of lift beneath it and the potential for cloud suck...
- ^ Pagen, Dennis. Understanding the Sky. Spring Mills, PA: Sport Aviation Pubns. 1992: 230. ISBN 0-936310-10-3.
Cloud suck seems to occur most commonly in low pressure weather and especially in humid conditions.
- ^ Macgorman, D. The Electrical Nature of Storms. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. 1998: 164. ISBN 0-19-507337-1.
As the water vapor condenses, it releases its latent heat of vaporization, thereby increasing the buoyancy of the parcel.
- ^ Fox, Peter. Geophysical and Astrophysical Convection. Washington: Taylor & Francis. 2000: 251. ISBN 90-5699-258-9.
The updraft is amplified by latent heat release...
- ^ Simpson, Joe. The Beckoning Silence. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. 2003: 62. ISBN 0-89886-941-2.
As she instigated the stall she was alarmed to realize that far from free-falling she was still slowly being pulled upwards.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Anderson, Fletcher. Flying the Mountains. McGraw-Hill Professional. 2003: 219. ISBN 0-07-141053-8.
Paraglider pilots, whose maximum speed is less than 30 knots, have a particular phobia about flying under large cumulus clouds.
- ^ Standa Hlavinka; Ewa Wisnierska Cieslewicz. I have fun living like a bird. www.skyfly.cz. [2019-07-23]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-12).
- ^ Paraglider survives wild flight. Herald Sun. 2007-02-17 [2007-05-20]. (原始內容存檔於2009-04-28).
Ewa Wisnierska, 35, was catapulted upwards like a leaf at speeds of up to 20 metres per second...
- ^ Besser, Linton. Ewa sucked into storm and lives to tell. The Sydney Morning Herald. Jano Gibson and David Braithwaite. 2007-02-16 [2007-05-20]. (原始內容存檔於2018-04-15).
Ewa Wisnierska, 35, passed out due to a lack of oxygen and flew unconscious for up to an hour covered in ice after reaching an altitude of 9947 metres
- ^ Wendy Lewis. See Australia and Die. New Holland. 2007. ISBN 978-1-74110-583-4.
- ^ Meldung des DHV mit persönlicher Stellungsnahme der Pilotin zum Vorfall. [2019-07-23]. (原始內容存檔於2011-10-01) (德語).
- ^ Paraglider Cheats Death In Thunderstorm. CBS News. 2007-02-16 [2007-05-21]. (原始內容存檔於2013-10-05).
'The glider kept climbing, climbing, and I couldn't see anything. Then it got dark. I was already shaking, all wet, all the instruments were wet and frozen' she recounted.
- ^ Braithwaite, David. Lightning killed paraglider. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2007-02-20 [2007-05-20]. (原始內容存檔於2015-10-16).
A lightning strike killed a Chinese man who disappeared after being sucked into the storm survived by German paraglider Ewa Wisnierska last week.
- ^ Udine, trovato morto parapendista risucchiato dal temporale. [2019-07-23]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-11).
- ^ U.S. National Park Service. Shenandoah Crash Sites --Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary. [2007-05-20]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-19).
- ^ Waller, Douglas. A Question of Loyalty : Gen. Billy Mitchell and the Court-Martial That Gripped the Nation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. 2004: 15–16. ISBN 0-06-050547-8.
The squall now quickly lifted up the helpless airship to 6,300 feet...then it plunged in a matter of minutes down to 3,200 feet.