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维基百科，自由的百科全书

背景

贺伯特提出他对烟酸的思想，在一本名为《全部有关辐射》的书。他声称，发现大剂量的维生素能减轻和防止辐射病。[1] 他以片剂形式销售该抗辐射混合物，称这是“黛安娜䫈”。 于1958年，美国食品和药物管理局收缴和销毁了21,000片,因为辐射治疗的标签误导。[2]

1979年，净化程式的前身被称为“汗水计划”，并同样旨在消除迷幻药的痕迹，据贺伯特，它仍然长期留在体内。[3][4] 参加者饮食受限制，包括吃大剂量的维生素和一茶匙的盐，每天至少花了一个小时，穿橡胶依慢跑。对某一些人，这个方案持续好几个月。[4]

净化程式是发展给那可拿中心使用的，并发表在贺伯特的《戴尼提和山达基技术公告》以及《清除身体，清醒头脑》一书。 [3][5] 另外两本书描述这程式，《净化：毒品答案图解》和《那可拿新生活排毒计划：罗恩·贺伯特有效的净化程式》。术语“净化程式“是一个“宗教技术中心”（治理山达基教会的机构]]）的商标。虽然宗教技术中心的发言人否认有任何发牌给那可拿的安排。[6]

程式

该程序通常需要几个星期。除了花时间在桑拿，人们需要做运动，包括健美操，跑步机，以及其他类似的活动。[7]

该方案包括定期剂量的维生素（尤其是烟酸），长期在桑拿中，运动，混合植物油，他们相信毒素会随汗而出，植物油更换在体内的脂肪组织。[8] 《清除身体，清醒头脑》建议，整个过程中参加者维持正常饮食，以新鲜蔬菜补充。[9]

净化程式要求参与者定期摄取以下的：

  • 多维生素鸡尾酒，其中主要成分是烟酸。《清除身体，清醒头脑》建议开始剂量为100毫克，增加至5000毫克。[5] 对比之下，医生建议的水平约15毫克：大剂量可产生严重的，甚至可能致命的副作用。[5] 参加者被告知要期待有中毒症状，由于毒素或辐射从他们的身体脂肪释放。[10] 因此，烟碱酸过量的影响，其中包括皮肤红肿，潮红（生理学），头晕和头痛，被解释为对程式的积极作用。[5][10][11]
  • 矿物质补充剂，包括钙，镁，铁，锌，锰，铜，碘和钾。[12]
  • 每天半杯纯油，以取代那些在桑拿浴随汗而出的油。[8]
  • “Cal-Mag“，一种饮品，《清除身体，清醒头脑》描述为一个葡萄糖酸钙，碳酸镁和醋的溶液，在组合比例上元素钙为镁的两倍多。[13] 这是每天饮三次。[8]
  • 足够的液体来取代在桑拿浴失去的。[9]

贺伯特规定，每个参与者每天必须完成报告，列出维生素，矿物质，Cal-Mag和其它流体的数额，经过检讨，以确保它们全面符合计划。[14]

净化程式费用，在1990年大概是二千美元。[15] 在1996年有折扣下是$1,790[11] （虽然在1996年，另一个来源声称，四个星期的课程是四千美元左右），[10] 在1998年是$1,200[6] $5,200在2009年.[16]

《清除身体，清醒头脑》包含一个声明，指出净化程式不是一种医疗。[5] 类似的声明出现在《贺伯特通讯办公室公告》，指出净化程式不是医疗过程，而是一个纯粹精神活动。[5] 贺伯特建议，参加者须签署一份弃权，指出净化不是医疗。[5]

Promotion

The Purification Rundown is promoted as having physical and mental benefits such as lowering cholesterol, relieving pain, and improving memory. Scientology's promotional materials claim it can boost IQ by up to 15 points.[5] Scientologists are strongly encouraged to take part in the program as a necessary step in their spiritual progress.[17][6] Scientology promotes the Rundown to the public as a "detoxification" program, while it also works with allegedly non-religious but Scientology-affiliated groups such as Narconon to offer this program as a treatment for addiction and high levels of stress. Conditions that are said by Scientologists to respond to Purification include cancer, AIDS, heart problems, kidney failure, liver disease and obesity.[18]

In a January 1980 announcement, Hubbard told his followers that a nuclear war was imminent and that the Rundown would enable them to deal with heavy fallout.[19] He warned that only those who completed the Purification Rundown would survive.[19]

The Church of Scientology unsuccessfully tried to have the Nobel Peace Prize awarded to Hubbard for his invention of the Purification Rundown.[19][20]

In California, two organizations have been set up by Scientologists to try to give scientific legitimacy to the program. These were Foundation for Advancements in Science and Education and the HealthMed Clinic. The Executive Director of the Church of Scientology was involved in creating the Foundation and later described it as a "front group". The Foundation funded research and published articles by Scientologists hailing the effectiveness of Hubbard's procedures. HealthMed, an ostensibly independent organization, used this material to promote the Rundown to public agencies all over the state. Both bodies were strongly criticized by a group of physicians from the California Department of Health Services.[15][21]

The Purif, as delivered by HealthMed, is heavily promoted in the book Diet for a Poisoned Planet by journalist David Steinman, who denies any connection with the Church of Scientology.[22][23] The book was the subject of a paper from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration which accused Steinman of distorting facts.[23] C. Everett Koop, the former Surgeon General of the United States, also criticized the book, recommending that the public stay away from Hubbard's "detoxification" procedure.[24]

Reception

Theoretical basis

The theory behind the Purification Rundown is that toxins, drugs, and radioactive particles are stored in body fat, which are released through the exchange of fats (thus the oil consumption) and exercise, and then finally released via perspiration and other normal mechanisms such as body waste.[8] Independent scientific evaluations report that the concentration of toxins or drugs in the sweat is negligible, as they are primarily removed from the body through the liver, the kidneys and the lungs.[5][6] The notion that toxins from fatty tissue can be sweated out is categorically denied by toxicology experts.[5][18] Evidence offered for the rundown has not demonstrated that detoxification is actually taking place.[25][26]

A 1995 review at a medical conference described the mega-doses of niacin as inappropriate, especially since they cause the release of histamine, which is counter-productive when dealing with chemical sensitivity.[27] Psychologist Herman Staudenmayer describes the Purif as part of a trend for diagnosing and treating a "Multiple Chemical Sensitivity" disorder which does not correspond to any known disease and is likely to be psychophysiological.[10] He adds, "The position statements of medical societies [...] are unambiguous about the lack of scientific evidence for these practices."[10]

A group including five doctors and nine health education experts reviewed Narconon and its materials on behalf of the California Department of Education. The report, published January 2005, described the key assumptions of the Purif as unscientific and inaccurate.[28] Three experts consulted by The Buffalo News criticised the weak evidence and dubious assumptions behind the program.[29]

David Root, a medical doctor affiliated with Narconon, has administered the Purif for twenty years and stands by the theory behind it.[30] A non-scientologist, he denies that the program collects money or new members for Scientology.[30]

Effectiveness and safety

An investigation by the New York Press asked a number of independent doctors about the evidence for the Purification Rundown. None of them endorsed the program's effectiveness and some explicitly described it as dangerous. Several said that no peer-reviewed research on the rundown had been published in any medical journal.[5] Some apparently supportive studies have been published, but these lack control groups and have other scientific failings.[31]

Newkirk Herald Journal editor Robert W. Lobsinger solicited a number of medical experts' opinions on the Purification Rundown in 1989.[32] Dr. James Kenney of the National Council Against Health Fraud condemned those administering the "unproven" treatment as guilty of health fraud. He wrote that "[...] the scientific evidence shows the exact opposite of what Hubbard's theory predicts", warning that large doses of niacin could cause liver damage, gout, gastritis, and other serious side-effects. Dr. David Hogg of Toronto said that the program may be detrimental to participants' health.[32] Dr. C. Mark Palmer of Ponca City, rebutted the theory that sweating would clear out drugs, stating that "No matter how much a patient were made to sweat, it could not significantly increase his clearing of most drugs,"[33]

After reviewing materials published by Narconon, University of Oklahoma biochemistry professor Bruce Roe described the program as "a scam" based on "half-truths and pseudo-science."[34] In a 1988 report, Dr. Ronald E. Gots, a toxicology expert from Bethesda, Maryland, called the regimen "quackery", and noted that "no recognized body of toxicologists, no department of occupational medicine, nor any governmental agencies endorse or recommend such treatment."[35] In 1991, the Board of Mental Health in Oklahoma refused to certify the Purification Rundown for use in a Narconon facility on the grounds of potential danger from its high vitamin and mineral doses.[36] A report on Narconon for the Department of Health in California described the mega-doses of vitamins as "hazardous" and "in some cases lethal".[37] Prof. Michael Ryan, a pharmacologist at University College Dublin, told a 2003 court case that the Purification Rundown is scientifically unverified and medically unsafe.[38]

Those who market the Purif insist that it has been proven safe and effective.[18][39] They present anecdotal evidence for the Rundown's effectiveness.[来源请求] Some doctors who have observed the treatment have been impressed by the testimonials but asked for evidence that improvements are caused by the program itself rather than suggestion, delusion or the placebo effect.[34] In 2007, psychopharmacology expert John Brick said of his visit to a Manhattan clinic, "Whether it's from some mysterious combination of vitamins or just good diet and exercise, I can't say. But the bottom line is that it helped the patients I talked to." He emphasized the importance of independently verifying the validity of the program, conceding that no causal relationship between the results and the program had been demonstrated.[34]

In a 1999 French court case, five staff members of the Church of Scientology were convicted of fraud for selling the Purif and other Scientology procedures.[40][41] In Russia, the Purification Rundown has been banned by officials as a threat to public health.[42]

Adverse outcomes

Paride Ella and Giuseppe Tomba, clients of Narconon in Taceno, Italy, died in 1995 during the vitamin phase of the program, suffering kidney problems and a heart attack respectively.[43]

In 1996, journalist Mark Ebner described the case of a woman who had suffered heatstroke and anemia while on the program.

One day, she was found blue-lipped on the waiting room floor, hemorrhaging. Instead of taking her blood pressure or calling an ambulance or even a doctor, they explained away her bleeding as "restimulation" from radiation she had absorbed from ultrasound testing she'd had years before.[11]

In 1997, two emergency room doctors reported treating a 45-year-old man who had participated in the Rundown.[7] Previously healthy, he had developed tremors while on the program, for which the Church of Scientology recommended further Purification as treatment. Put back in the sauna, he developed seizures and was taken to hospital in an incoherent state. He was diagnosed with severe hyponatremia but three days of treatment returned him to normal. In a similar case, the wife of a Medina, Ohio dentist required hospitalisation after developing hallucinations and other bizarre symptoms during Purification.[18] In 2004, a former participant in the UK told reporters that Purification had gravely worsened his physical condition, and that he had been denied medical treatment.[44]

A 25-year-old man in Portland, Oregon died from liver failure having taken the Purif. His parents sued the Church of Scientology and the case was settled out of court.[18] Scientology officials blamed the death on prior medical problems.[45]

Adoption by public bodies

The City Council of Shreveport, Louisiana approved 20 firefighters to take the Purif via HealthMed in the late 1980s.[46] The city's insurers commissioned an evaluation from toxicologist Dr. Ronald E. Gots, who dismissed the program as "quackery", saying it "served no rational medical function."[35][46] As a consequence, Shreveport ended its support.[35]

In 1994, the London Borough of Tower Hamlets funded an alcoholic to go to Narconon for detoxification, but the council withdrew funding when the Church of Scientology connection was revealed.[47] The woman stayed on, funded by Narconon's trustees.[47]

Second Chance

主条目：Second Chance Program

"Second Chance" is a program administering the Purif to substance abuse offenders. Its first center was set up in Ensenada, Mexico in 1995 with a mix of state and private funding.[48] In October 2001, two officials from Erie County Holding Center in Buffalo, New York visited the Mexican center at a Scientology patron's expense.[24] They were impressed enough to appeal for $700,000 to introduce Second Chance to their own prison, although lack of funds put the project on hold.[24]

In September 2006 a Second Chance project was set up in Albuquerque, New Mexico.[48][49] This center took in hundreds of referrals in its first year but ran into financial trouble.[50] Some judges, unconvinced of its effectiveness, refused to refer offenders.[48] In October 2008, Curry County commissioners ended their contract with the project, after an independent study revealed the center had inflated its success rates.[49][51] In the two years prior, the center had received $1.57 million in federal and state funding.[49] In December 2008, the center was forced to close down after Mayor Martin Chavez accused it of "misrepresentation and deceit".[52][53]

New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project

主条目：New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project

An initiative in New York City, co-founded by Tom Cruise, provides Purification Rundowns for public-sector employees who were exposed to toxins in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. It has administered the Purif to over 800 rescue workers.[54] Many participants have claimed positive results, and some local government figures have supported the project,[35] which was awarded public funding.[5][55] However, it has drawn criticism for exposing rescue workers to the potential dangers of the Purif,[25] for encouraging them to give up conventional medical treatments,[56] for recruiting into Scientology[57] and for channeling funding to Scientology-related bodies.[5]

Utah Meth Cops Project

Inspired by the New York project, a center in Orem, Utah administers the Purif to Salt Lake City police who complain of health effects from exposure to meth lab toxins.[58][59] This is done under the name of Bio-Cleansing Centers of America and has received public money in addition to private donations.[60] Many police who have taken part claim to have benefited, though a medical doctor associated with the Utah clinic acknowledged in 2007 that there were no studies of the Purif's effect on people who had been exposed to meth labs.[16]

The major supporter of the clinic has been State Attorney General Mark Shurtleff.[61] In 2007 and 2008, his office spent $140,000 to pay for 20 police to take the Purif, and requested a total of $440,000 from the Utah State Legislature.[61] The legislature advanced $240,000 of this further funding.[16] In 2009, Republicans in the State Legislature approved an additional $100,000 for the project in the closing days of a session, bypassing a committee which would have reviewed the payment.[16]

Other endorsements

Scientologist actress Kelly Preston has endorsed the program and credits it for helping her late son Jett.[62][63]

In a 1998 interview, Heber Jentzsch, president of the Church of Scientology International, credited the Purif with curing radiation sickness that he allegedly suffered as a result of childhood exposure to nuclear testing in Utah.[6] No cases of radiation sickness have ever been reported in Utah, due to the low level of fallout involved,[64] although some cases of leukemia may have been associated with the tests.[65]

References

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  2. ^ Williams, Ian. The Alms Trade: Charities, Past, Present and Future. Cosimo. 2007: 130. ISBN 1602067538. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 引用错误：没有为名为refslund的参考文献提供内容
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  58. ^ Carlisle, Nate; Rosetta, Lisa. Meth cops swear they can sweat off toxins. Salt Lake Tribune. November 8, 2007 [2007-11-24]. 
  59. ^ Bonisteel, Sara. Utah Foots the Bill for Ailing Cops' Controversial Scientology-Based Detox Treatment. Fox News. November 21, 2007 [2007-11-24]. 
  60. ^ Winslow, Ben. Police detox at clinic for exposure to meth. Deseret Morning News. November 8, 2007 [2009-02-14]. 
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