2023年加拿大野火
此条目可参照英语维基百科相应条目来扩充。 (2023年7月18日) |
2023年加拿大野火 | |
---|---|
地点 | 加拿大(所有13个省和地区)[1] |
统计 | |
总火灾数 | 5,849[2](截至2023年8月21日) |
总面积 | 15.050 × 106 ha(37.19 × 106 acre)[2](截至2023年8月21日) |
日期 | 2023年3月1日 |
死亡 | 5 |
撤离者 | 155,856人[3](截至2023年7月7日) |
地图 | |
2023年加拿大野火是指自2023年3月起在加拿大持续发生的一系列野火。6月27日,加拿大方面表示,2023年成为加拿大有史以来野火最严重的一年[4]。至2023年7月,本次野火已超越2020年美国西部野火,成为北美历史上有记录以来最严重的一次野火季[5]。
野火产生的雾霾导致加拿大和美国大范围空气质量下降[6][7]。在6月底,雾霾甚至越过大西洋到达了欧洲[8]。截至7月16日,本季野火已产生4,147场火灾,烧毁了10,005,903公顷(24,725,125英亩)的土地,有883场野火仍然活跃,而其中580场目前仍被认为处在“失控”状态[9],已有两名消防人员在参与扑灭野火时殉职[10]。截至8月17日,共发生5,765起火灾,烧毁面积达13,749,167公顷[2]。截至18日,加全国仍有约1000处在燃野火,其中380多处位于不列颠哥伦比亚省,230多处在加拿大西北地区[11]。截至9月7日,加拿大全国仍有1000多处在燃野火,其中大约650处野火处于失控状态。累计过火面积已经超过16.6万平方公里[12]。
背景
加拿大野火的性质有所改变:总括来说,自1970年代和80年代起,国内年度野火宗数下降,但受焚范围则有所上升[13]。自1959年起,受焚面积逾200公顷(490英亩)的大型野火数目上升,而平均野火季长度亦增加两个星期[14]。加拿大野火季通常于5月展开[15]。2023年野火与2016年麦克默里堡森林大火[16][17]和2021年利顿森林大火相提并论[18]。
受气候变化影响,当地天气较以往温暖和干燥,植被因此较易燃,从而增加野火风险[13][19][20][18]。一度冷锋于5月18日一周掠过,连带的风力助长野火[18]。联邦公共安全部长比尔·布莱尔表示:“在野火季展开之际出现这些状况为前所未有。受气候变化影响,类似的极端天气频率和严重程度在全国皆有可能继续上升。[21]” 2023年北美西部热浪亦令亚伯达省火势加剧[22][23]。
加拿大过半数野火为闪电所致;气候变化亦导致闪电燃起的野火宗数上升,而到了21世纪末国内雷击次数亦预期会较现时倍增[13][24][25]。受野火焚毁的土地面积中,85%可归咎于闪电燃起的野火[26][27]。国内其馀半数野火属人为产生,多为无意引发[28][29],主要由未完全熄灭的烟头[26]、营火[30]、或火车煞车时产生的火花等引起[29]。国内野火起因中,纵火行为仅占少数[31][32]。
西北地区
8月14日,西北地区进入紧急状态[33][34]。截至18日,西北地区首府耶洛奈夫已有1.9万名居民被疏散[35]。截至21日,西北地区68%居民已撤离[36]。覆盖耶洛奈夫、德塔(Dettah)和恩迪洛(N'dilo)的疏散令于9月6日撤消,居民从同日起返回耶洛奈夫[37];截至9月8日约有千名居民乘飞机返回家园[38]。
不列颠哥伦比亚省
截至6月2日,不列颠哥伦比亚省各地已发生54起火灾[39]。官员估计该省约一半的野火是由人类活动引起的[40]。
在不列颠哥伦比亚省东北部,唐尼溪(Donnie Creek)野火成为该省历史上最大的单一野火;它于6月18日达到这一状态。截至6月24日,大火燃烧面积超过5,648平方公里(2,180平方英里)[41][42][43]。
受卡梅伦悬崖(Cameron Bluffs)山火影响,通往温哥华岛西部艾伯尼港、托菲诺和尤克卢利特镇的卑诗省4号公路被切断超过两周[44]。
截至7月15日,不列颠哥伦比亚省共有377起活跃野火,其中20起被列为“高度可见、具有威胁性或潜在破坏性的‘值得注意的野火’”[45]。
疏散
5月初,由于不列颠哥伦比亚省山火失控,部分居民撤离家园[46]。5月22日左右,温哥华以北的Tzenzaicut Lake附近的居民被疏散[47]。
6月初,官员建议不列颠哥伦比亚省民众做好必要时撤离的准备[48]。截至7月15日,全省已下达近70条疏散令[49]。
8月,麦克杜格尔溪(McDougall Creek)野火蔓延至6,800公顷,卑诗省省长尹大卫宣布西基隆拿市进入紧急状态[50]。英属哥伦比亚大学奥卡纳干分校校区和附近的一些郊区已收到疏散令[51]。8月18日,不列颠哥伦比亚省宣布进入紧急状态[52]。截至8月19日,至少有35,000人受疏散令影响,另外3万人则受疏散警报影响[53]。
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