阶级歧视

阶级歧视（英语：Class discrimination）也称为阶级主义（Classism）是指建基于社会阶级的偏见和歧视。一切以牺牲下层阶级的利益，来满足上层阶级的行为、态度、政治体系皆可归入阶级歧视当中^[1]。

历史

前农业社会的阶级结构相对简单，但到了出现馀粮的农业文明，则变得更为复杂^[2]。自18世纪开始，阶级歧视便已成为人们日常的一部分^[3]。

当代的阶级歧视较难识别，因为阶级结构已不再像以前般那么僵化。心理学家托马斯·富勒-罗威尔（Thomas Fuller-Rowell）表示：阶级歧视的经历往往是较为含蓄不明显的，很多受害者并不了解受到差别对待的真正原因”^[4]。

跟其他制度的关系

在美国，已有广泛研究显示学业环境当中出现了社经、种族、性别不平等的情况，不过这些因素会如何影响学童在学业或非学业上的表现则尚未明了^[5]。

结构性歧视和个人歧视

阶级歧视除了涵盖某人对于下层阶级的歧视之外，还可以指一切拥有此一目的的结构性歧视，这类似于种族主义一词的字意。结构性阶级歧视指的是“在……社会的各种制度当中，有意或无意地表露出阶级歧视的一切表现”^[6]。

人与人之间的社会地位差异就像社会阶级般，一样会影响他们如何对待或看待彼此。地位较高的人较少与较低者混在一起，且他们往往较能够透过影响法律和社会标准，来控制他人的活动^[7]。

个人歧视的同义词有人际歧视、态度歧视、态度性歧视^[8]。美国杂志媒体协会（Association of Magazine Media）则把阶级歧视定义为“任何按照收入、职业、教育和/或经济状况，来把人放在下位的态度或制度”^[9]。

部分研究会把阶级歧视分作个人歧视、结构歧视、文化歧视三类^[10]。

媒体上的阶级歧视

阶级歧视可在电视节目、电影、社交媒体上表露出来。它是一种系统性现象^[11]，而且人们经常忽略媒体对于阶级歧视的影响。媒体反映了人们对阶级歧视的所知所想。而大众有机会受到当中的阶级歧视理念影响，认为现实也是如此。儿童可以能从电影上接触到阶级歧视的观念，继而受到影响^[12]^[13]。在塑造人们对于某些群体的看法这件事上，媒体的角色举足轻重^[14]。民众可以透过媒体接触有关其他社会阶级的资讯，或籍其影响其他人看待某个社会阶级的方式^[15]^[16]。

参见

参考资料

^ Kadi, Joanna. Thinking Class. South End Press. 1996. ISBN 0-89608-548-1.
^ Peter N. Stearns (Narrator). A Brief History of the World Course No. 8080 [Audio CD]. The Teaching Company. ASIN B000W595CC.
^ Young, Serinity; Katie Cannon. Serinity Young , 编. Encyclopedia of Women and World Religion. Macmillan. 1999: 181 [2020-08-16]. ISBN 0028648609. （原始内容 (Print)存档于2021-04-21）.
^ Social-Class Discrimination Contributes to Poorer Health. Association of Psychological Science. 2012-06-18 [2019-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-17）.
^ Bécares, Laia; Priest, Naomi. Understanding the Influence of Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Class on Inequalities in Academic and Non-Academic Outcomes among Eighth-Grade Students: Findings from an Intersectionality Approach. PLOS ONE. 2015-10-27, 10 (10): e0141363 [2020-09-21]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4624767 . PMID 26505623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141363. （原始内容存档于2018-08-07）.
^ Classism Definitions. gustavus.edu. [2018-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-13）.
^ Social Class Prejudice. Encyclopedia.com. [2019-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-27）.
^ Langhout, Regina Day; Rosselli, Francine; Feinstein, Jonathan, Assessing Classism in Academic Settings, The Review of Higher Education, 2007, 30 (2): 145–184 [2020-09-21], doi:10.1353/rhe.2006.0073, （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）
^ "Glossary".互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2012-03-09.
^ Adams, Maurianne; Bell, Lee Anne; Griffin, Pat (编). Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice 2nd. Routledge. 2007: 317. ISBN 978-0-415-95199-9.
^ Gamble, Matt. Classism: America's Overlooked Problem. The Rutgers Review. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-30）.
^ Streib, Jessi. Class Inequality in Children's Movies. Class Action. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-21）.
^ Suttie, Jill. How Adults Communicate Bias to Children. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-21）.
^ Burke, Krista. Media Portrayal of Individuals in the Lower Class. Digital Commons. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-22）.
^ Race & Ethnicity. criticalmediaproject.org. [2018-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-02）.
^ Classism, Accountability, and Social Media. blogs.harvard.edu. [2018-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-13）.

延伸阅读

Bowker, Geoffrey C., and Susan Leigh Star. Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. MIT Press, 1999.
Capuano, Angelo. Giving Meaning to 'Social Origin' in International Labour Organization ('ILO') Conventions, the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) and the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth): 'Class' Discrimination and Its Relevance to the Australian Context (PDF). [2020-08-16]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-02-18）. (2016) 39(1) University of New South Wales Law Journal 84.
A People's History of the United States by Howard Zinn
Hill, Marcia, and Esther Rothblum. Classism and Feminist Therapy: Counting Costs. New York: Haworth Press, 1996.
hooks, bell. Where we stand: class matters. New York & London: Routledge, 2000.
Gans, Herbert. The War Against the Poor, 1996.
Homan, Jacqueline S. Classism For Dimwits. Pennsylvania: Elf Books, 2007/2009.
Packard, Vance. Status Seekers, 1959.
Beegle, Donna M. See Poverty - Be the Difference, 2009.
Leondar-Wright, Betsy. Class Matters: Cross-Class Alliance Building for Middle-Class Activists: New Society Publishers, 2005.

[Kadi-1] Kadi, Joanna. Thinking Class. South End Press. 1996. ISBN 0-89608-548-1.

[2] Peter N. Stearns (Narrator). A Brief History of the World Course No. 8080 [Audio CD]. The Teaching Company. ASIN B000W595CC.

[3] Young, Serinity; Katie Cannon. Serinity Young , 编. Encyclopedia of Women and World Religion. Macmillan. 1999: 181 [2020-08-16]. ISBN 0028648609. （原始内容 (Print)存档于2021-04-21）.

[APS-4] Social-Class Discrimination Contributes to Poorer Health. Association of Psychological Science. 2012-06-18 [2019-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-17）.

[5] Bécares, Laia; Priest, Naomi. Understanding the Influence of Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Class on Inequalities in Academic and Non-Academic Outcomes among Eighth-Grade Students: Findings from an Intersectionality Approach. PLOS ONE. 2015-10-27, 10 (10): e0141363 [2020-09-21]. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4624767 . PMID 26505623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141363. （原始内容存档于2018-08-07）.

[6] Classism Definitions. gustavus.edu. [2018-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-13）.

[7] Social Class Prejudice. Encyclopedia.com. [2019-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-27）.

[8] Langhout, Regina Day; Rosselli, Francine; Feinstein, Jonathan, Assessing Classism in Academic Settings, The Review of Higher Education, 2007, 30 (2): 145–184 [2020-09-21], doi:10.1353/rhe.2006.0073, （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）

[9] "Glossary".互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2012-03-09.

[10] Adams, Maurianne; Bell, Lee Anne; Griffin, Pat (编). Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice 2nd. Routledge. 2007: 317. ISBN 978-0-415-95199-9.

[11] Gamble, Matt. Classism: America's Overlooked Problem. The Rutgers Review. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-30）.

[12] Streib, Jessi. Class Inequality in Children's Movies. Class Action. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-21）.

[13] Suttie, Jill. How Adults Communicate Bias to Children. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-21）.

[14] Burke, Krista. Media Portrayal of Individuals in the Lower Class. Digital Commons. [2019-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-22）.

[15] Race & Ethnicity. criticalmediaproject.org. [2018-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-02）.

[16] Classism, Accountability, and Social Media. blogs.harvard.edu. [2018-03-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-13）.

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