阿道夫·希特勒的心理状态
关于阿道夫·希特勒的心理状态有诸多研究,一些心理学和精神分析专家认为他可能有精神疾病,但他一生中从未亲自受过诊断。在希特勒在世期间、以及死后,都曾有人认为他有躁郁症、思觉失调症、或心理病态。知名的诊断者包括1943年的华德·朗格和1973年的埃里希·弗罗姆。另外也有专业人士如弗莱迪克·雷德里希认希特勒大概没有有这些问题[1]。
宣称的心理问题
据称的问题 | 研究来源 |
---|---|
歇斯底里、戏剧化人格违常 | Wilmanns (1933),[2] Murray (1943),[3] Langer (1943),[4] Binion (1976),[5] Tyrer (1993)[6] |
思觉失调症、偏执狂 | Vernon (1942),[7] Murray (1943),[3] Treher (1966),[8] Schwaab (1992),[9] Tyrer (1993),[6] Coolidge/Davis/Segal (2007)[10] |
药物滥用造成的心理问题 | Heston/Heston (1980)[11] |
生理疾病造成的心理问题 | Gibbels (1994),[12] Hesse (2001),[13] Hayden (2003)[14] |
心理病态、反社会人格障碍 | Bychowski (1948),[15] Henry/Geary/Tyrer (1993),[6] Coolidge/Davis/Segal (2007)[10] |
自恋型人格疾患 | Sleigh (1966),[16] Bromberg/Small (1983),[17] Coolidge/Davis/Segal (2007)[10] |
施虐人格障碍 | Coolidge/Davis/Segal (2007)[10] |
边缘性人格障碍 | Bromberg/Small (1983),[17] Victor (1999),[18] Dorpat (2003),[19] Coolidge/Davis/Segal (2007)[10] |
创伤后压力症候群 | Dorpat (2003),[19] Koch-Hillebrecht (2003),[20] Vinnai (2004),[21] Coolidge/Davis/Segal (2007)[10] |
脑功能侧化异常 | Martindale/Hasenfus/Hines (1976)[22] |
思觉失调型人格障碍症 | Rappaport (1975),[23] Waite (1977)[24] |
危险领导者障碍(Dangerous leader disorder) | Mayer (1993)[25] |
躁郁症 | Hershman/Lieb (1994)[26] |
亚斯伯格症候群 | Fitzgerald (2004)[27] |
除了心理疾病,也有其他心理状态的分析,例如2015年彼德·隆格里希指出性格坚决(assertive),并愿意为了权力而冒极高的风险[28]。
诊断的伦理问题
精神医学对于疾病书写(pathography)的评价不佳,尤其是未亲自诊断患者的分析[29],在美国,由于1973建立的高华德守则,许多人更认为为这种分析不道德[30]。德国精神科医师Hans Bürger-Prinz认为任何隔空诊断都是对精神医学的严重滥用[31]。希特勒的众多不同诊断结果也显示此方法的不确定性[32]。
对于希特勒的案例,特别重要的问题包括普罗读者容易接受作者的诊断而不加思考,另一问题是若将希特勒的行为归因于心理疾病,可能显得他不用为自己的行为负责[33]。也有人持相反的观点,认为用心理疾病丑化希特勒可能造成人们把纳粹德国的责任全都都归罪于他,显得大众和其他人员都不用负责[34],例如1963年汉娜·阿伦特所称“平庸的邪恶”即强调精神正常的人仍可犯下纳粹大屠杀[35]。社会心理学家哈洛特·维尔扎也持类似观点[36]。
有些人根本上反对试图用任何方式来解释希特勒,例如犹太神学家和大屠杀幸存者艾米尔·法肯海姆(Emil Fackenheim)认为人类无法解释希特勒的邪恶,只有神可以解释[37]。克劳德·朗兹曼(Claude Lanzman)甚至批评试图解释希特勒的人,认为这接近纳粹大屠杀否认论[38]
对群众的影响
精神医师Jan Ehrenwald指出,除了希特勒自己的心理状态,较少人研究为什么他能得到上百万的狂热支持者[39]。在二战期间即有人指出希特勒知道自己的心理状态,并利用它来煽动群众[40]。也有些人注意到其他有精神问题的人物,如查尔斯·曼森和吉姆·琼斯,也在自己领导的新兴宗教团体中得到极大的影响力[10]。
另一些研究者则认为希特勒的支持者也有心理问题[4],但目前没有证据支持此说[41]。1996年丹尼尔·戈德哈根指出希特勒能快速取得政治力量与他的心理问题无关,而是当时德国的社会问题导致[42]。
2000年,有研究者开始分析希特勒的心理状态是否和群众的狂热有关系[43]。
参考资料
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