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白兀鹫

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维基百科,自由的百科全书
白兀鹫
成年的 N. p. ginginianus 亚种
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 鸟纲 Aves
目: 鹰形目 Accipitriformes
科: 鹰科 Accipitridae
属: 白兀鹫属 Neophron
Savigny, 1809
种:
白兀鹫 N. percnopterus
二名法
Neophron percnopterus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
白兀鹫的分布地

白兀鹫学名Neophron percnopterus),又名埃及秃鹫,是一种稀少的秃鹫。它们分布在欧洲西南部及非洲北部至南亚。它们的翼底呈黑白色,尾巴呈楔状。它们有时会用石头敲破鸟蛋,是少数懂得使用工具的鸟类之一。在温带繁殖的群落会向南迁徙过冬,而在热带的多是留鸟。它们的数量于20世纪有所下降,而在岛屿中的群落则特别濒危

特征

成年指名亚种。

白兀鹫的羽毛是白色的,飞羽黑色。它们的身体有时有些泥色是与其习性有关。喙幼长,上颔端有钩。鼻孔很长。颈部羽毛很长,双翼很尖,当中以第三主羽最长。尾巴呈楔状。爪子直而且长,第三及第四趾有小蹼。指名亚种的喙是黑色的,而印度亚种N. p. ginginianus的则较为淡色或黄色,但这种变化仍需更多证据支持。[2]面部皮肤是黄色的。[3]雏鸟是黑色或深褐色的,有黑白色的斑。[3]成年的白兀鹫全长85厘米,翼展1.7米。它们重约2公斤,但N. p. majorensis则平均重2.4公斤。[4]

分类

白兀鹫属只有白兀鹫一个物种。此属相信是最古老的秃鹫分支之一,现存的最近亲是胡兀鹫[5][6]有些学者更建议将它们分类到新的胡兀鹫亚科之中。[7]现时广泛接受的有三个白兀鹫的亚种,但它们之间却有很多混种[8]俾路支地区喜玛拉雅山西北部的N. p. rubripersonatus并未获得确认。[2][9]

  • N. p. percnopterus:指名亚种,其分布最广,包括南欧北非中东中亚印度次大陆。它们在温带地区繁殖,并会向南过冬。
  • N. p. ginginianus:体型最细小的亚种,喙呈淡色。它们分布在印度次大陆的大部份地区。其名是衍生自印度南部的京吉(Gingee)。[10]
  • N. p. majorensis:体型最大的亚种。它们分布在加那利群岛,群落数量最少及最受限制。于2002年才确立为一个亚种,它们的基因较为接近N. p. percnopterus,而疏于N. p. ginginianus。它们不是候鸟。其名字是衍生自富埃特文图拉岛的古代名字。[11][12]

白兀鹫属的属名是取自希腊神话涅俄佛隆(Neophron)。涅俄佛隆是Timandra的儿子,而Timandra则是Aegypius的情妇。涅俄佛隆将Aegypius的母亲幻化成Timandra,欺骗他与其母同寝。他母亲醒来后欲夺走他的眼睛,但宙斯却将涅俄佛斯及Aegypius变成秃鹫[13]种小名则是指其黑色的双翼。[14]

分布

白兀鹫广泛分布在南欧北非西亚南亚。它们主要栖息在干旱平原。它们有时也会流浪到斯里兰卡[3]欧洲北部及南非[15]欧洲群落会向南迁徙3500-5500公里到达非洲,有时单日的旅程长达500公里。在法国曾有一只白兀鹫出生第三天就已经向南迁徙。[16][17]义大利的群落会横跨马雷蒂莫(Marettimo)及潘泰莱里亚,经西西里岛到达突尼西亚[18]

行为及生态

正在飞行的白兀鹫。

白兀鹫经常会随热流上升。它们吃多种食物,包括哺乳动物粪便(尤其是人类[19])、昆虫、尸体、植物及细小的猎物。[20]研究显示它们吃哺乳动物的粪便可以帮助它们摄取类胡萝卜素色素,令其面部皮肤呈鲜黄及橙色。[21]它们一般较为寂静,但若受到骚扰则会发出高音的叫声。[2]

白兀鹫是群居的[22],鸟巢会不断再用。它们很多时都是单独或成对的行动。它们是一夫一妻制的,夫妻的关系可以维持多于一个繁殖季节。成年雄鹫在雌鹫生蛋前后很多时都会留在其身边。[23]它们会在峭壁、建筑物及树上筑巢。[2]N. p. ginginianusN. p. majorensis也会在地上筑巢。[24][25][26]印度群落的繁殖季节是于2月至4月。双亲都会孵蛋,孵化期为42天。[3]3-5天后就会孵化第二只雏鹫,但时间越长,其生存率就越低。[27]在鸟巢紧迫的地方,雏鹫有时会走到其他鸟巢寻找食物。[28]西班牙群落的幼鹫会在90-110天大时换羽及离开鸟巢。[29]幼鹫离开鸟巢后会到远达500公里以外的地方。[30][31]到了4-5岁大时,它们就会拥有成鸟的羽毛。饲养的白兀鹫寿命可达37岁。[32]

成年白兀鹫并没有很多天敌,但很多时却死于电缆、污染及中毒。幼鹫会被金雕雕鸮赤狐掠食。从峭壁上掉下的白兀鹫也会被胡狼所捡走。[33]

指名亚种是懂得使用工具的。它们会用喙将大卵石掷向大蛋,将其敲碎。[34]不过在N. p. ginginianus中却看不见这种行为。[2]研究发现这种行为并非学习得来的,而是天生的。[35]保加利亚群落也有使用树枝来卷起羊毛,用以制作鸟巢。[36]

保育状况

一只被人工饲养的白兀鹫,摄于西班牙
Neophron percnopterus

白兀鹫在大部份分布地中都正经历严重的衰落。在欧洲中东大部份地区,其数量只有20年前的一半;在印度非洲西南部,它们的数量也大幅减少。于1967年至1970年,在德里附近地区就估计只有12000-15000只白兀鹫,平均密度为每10平方公里约有5对。[37][38]引起衰落的原因不明,但却与使用非甾体抗炎药双氯芬酸钠有关。[39]南欧,它们的衰落也与铅中毒、使用杀虫剂触电有关。[4][40]西班牙的研究发现吸收抗生素会抑制它们的免疫系统,造成较易的感染。[41]

加那利群岛群落与欧洲及非洲的群落分隔了一段颇长时间,而且大幅下降。它们以往广布在戈梅拉岛特内里费岛大加那利岛富埃特文图拉岛兰萨罗特岛,但现已只限于富埃特文图拉岛、兰萨罗特岛和两个最东的岛屿。它们的数量于2000年估计约有130只,共25-30繁殖对。[4][42]这些岛屿群落特别容易受到感染。[43]在吃腐肉的时候,它们积聚了大量的,令其骨头矿物化。[44]现时有措施提供安全及没有污染的食物,不过缺点是会吸引其他掠食性动物,增加对雏鹫的危害。[45]

2012年4月2日在新疆喀什乌恰县发现了一只白兀鹫,这是该鸟在中国分布的新记录。[46]

参考

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