申克分析
申克分析是依据海因里希·申克(Heinrich Schenker, 1868-1935)的一系列理论,所形成的调性音乐分析法。申克分析的目的是阐释调性作品深层的结构,以便用这种结构解读谱面。该理论的基本宗旨,可认为是要找到一种定义调性的方法。申克分析可以展示一段音乐在音高上的层级关系,并从这种层级关系中得出其时间结构。这种分析使用申克开发的一套符号形式的记谱,来演示各种修饰手法。申克的调性理论中,一个关键概念是“调性空间”。[1] 主三和弦的各音之间的音程,形成了一个可被经过音和辅助音填充的调性空间,这个空间经进一步修饰之后,形成了作品的表层(谱面)。
申克本人经常以生成的角度表达他的理论,从基本结构(Ursatz)开始入手;而申克分析的实践中往往是从谱面开始简化,使其简化成基本结构。基本结构的图示是无节奏的,这和严格对位法的定旋律类似。[2]即使在中度的简化里,记谱的节奏(空心、实心符头、符干、符尾)也不代表实际节奏,而代表音高事件的层级关系。
申克分析是共主观的(即主观的、任意的,而非客观的、机械的)。这种分析反映了分析者的音乐感知和直觉[3],它依据的是申克及后来的理论家建立的特定原则。[4]
基础
目的
申克相信共性实践时期作品(尤指J·S·巴赫、C·P·E·巴赫、海顿、莫扎特、贝多芬、舒伯特、肖邦和勃拉姆斯[5])的杰出卓越,这使他开始探索理解大师们对位法传统规则的关键。申克的目标是说明自由作曲(freier Satz)其实是严格作曲(strenger Satz)(即分类对位法,尤其是二声部对位法)的修饰,即延长。他的办法是,提出一套称为延长层次、声部进行的层次(Stimmführungsschichten),或转化(Verwandlungen)的修饰层级理论,即,每一层的存在都是在严格作曲的基础上进行的一度自由发挥。
既然修饰的第一原则便是用经过音填满调性空间,那么,申克分析的本质目标之一,就是来揭示填充某一层级上的三和弦的几个音之间本来的线性联系——而在次级层次上,这些音符可能被嵌入的其他三和弦分隔开几小节乃至几页的距离。因此分析者应具备一种“结构听觉”[6](Fernhören)[7]的能力。
和声
主三和弦是整个作品赖以成立的基础,它以泛音列为原型。然而:
- 纯粹地复刻某种自然现象,不可能是人类追求的目标。所以……泛音列……就变形为一个横向的分解和弦,以纳入人声的音域中。这样,出于艺术的目的,泛音列就被浓缩、被截断。[8]
申克将(大)三和弦与泛音列联系起来,这只不过是20世纪初共识的口惠。[9]他断言,小三和弦无此联系:
- 想从自然(即泛音列)中衍生小调的基础(即小三和弦)的任何尝试都必然是徒劳的。若认为小调不来自自然界中,而是来源于审美趣味,就容易解释得多了。[10]
申克的和声学的基本元素是音级(简称“级”,德文原术语Stufe,英译scale degree或scale-step),即具有结构意义的某个和弦。从一个和弦的外音经过音和琶音的组合中,可以生出另一个和弦:最初只是装饰音,只是声部连接的现象,但进一步修饰发展之后,就具有了结构意义,更恰当地说,也就成为了音级。申克发现,辨认音级“没有一成不变的方法”[11],但从他举的例子中可以推定,如果一个三和弦能解释为声部进行的经过音或辅助音,便不能被认定是音级。
申克分析采用罗马数字来表示音级:这是19、20世纪维也纳通行的、由Georg Joseph Vogler及其学生Gottfried Weber的著作中提出的理论。申克在维也纳的音乐学院Simon Sechter及其门徒布鲁克纳的课堂上学到。[12]
申克的理论是单一调性的:作为主三和弦自然音展开的“基本结构”,其定义决定了它不可能出现转调。当一个音级被修饰到成为临时主和声的程度是,就产生“离调”,但整个作品仍是单一调性的,最终只能是一个音级(主音级)。[13]
对位、声部连接
申克的严格作曲模型仍是二声部对位;而自由作曲是对严格对位法的的自由运用。申克分析的一个目的就是,透过表层的自由发挥,来跟踪作品在最深层次是如何遵守这些严格规则的。[14]
申克的理论在多年的发展中,在二声部严格写作的问题上贯穿的一点就是“流畅旋律”(fliessender Gesang)的规则。申克将此规则归功于凯鲁比尼,是他提出了“严格对位法中,流畅的旋律永远是好的”;[15]而旋律的流畅(即对级进的偏爱)即使在自由作曲中,也是声部连接的一个主要规则。这样的旋律中不会出现连续的跳进,营造一种“波浪形的旋律线条,而整体而言,在起伏的曲线中又使各独立部分达到平衡的一个生动的实体”。[16] 这个概念催生了线条进行(Zug)的概念,具体来说就是基本线条(Urlinie)的概念。
基本结构
基本结构(Ursatz,英译通常为“fundamental structure”)是申克为作品赖以发端的底层最简结构所拟的术语。在该理论最典范的含义中,基本结构由一个分解低音(Bassbrechung)支持的基本线条(Urlinie)构成。因此,基本结构其实是一个二声部对位,遵守严格对位法的规则。[17]以调性空间理论来看,基本线条可以从三和弦的任意一音开始,下行到主音为止;分解低音是空五度,从I级上行到V,再下行回I。基本线条在旋律的维度上展开调性空间,而分解低音从和声维度表现。[18]
基本结构理论是申克理论中最饱受批评的部分——把所有调性音乐都简化为差不多千篇一律的背景结构,这是让人难以接受的。然而这是一个误解:申克分析并非要说明所有作品都能简化为同样的背景,而是要阐释每部作品是如何独一无二地展开背景,而实现其本体和“含义”的。这也是申克的座右铭:“Semper idem, sed non eodem modo.”(永远相同,但以不同的方式相同。)[19]
基本线条
在申克理论发展的早期,基本线条的概念就出现了。印刷材料中首次提到是在1920年贝多芬奏鸣曲Op. 101的版本中;但此概念与“流畅旋律”联系起来,明显是在其十年之前。[20]申克最初将基本线条构想成一种流畅的动机线条,在各种掩盖下贯穿整个作品,使其统一。后来他猜想一部作品从头到尾应该只有一个统一的基本线条。他意识到这些线条一般是下行的,所以最终将基本线条定义为只能下行。并不是他不承认上行线条,而是他认为在结构上不重要。“基本线条从、或开始,经过下行导音进行到。”[21]基本线条的起始音称为“首音”(Kopfton)。首音可以用上方辅助音装饰,但不能在下方装饰。[22]很多情况下首音要通过上行线条(Anstieg,“初始爬升”)或上行琶音来达到,这在严格意义上不属于基本结构的一部分。[23]
分解低音及五度分割点
五度的分解是对泛音列的一种模拟,因为[原文]“人类的能力只能感受相继发出的几个声音。”[24]琶音中的五度音与基本线条中的同时发声,这乍一看只是形成了一个填充调性空间的“五度处的分割”。然而它作为一个协和的音响,可以进一步定义出一个高层级的调性空间,即属和弦,以便作品进一步展开。五度分割和属和弦的区别,似乎只是在于所在的层次不同:五度分割的概念是初始调性空间的一个修饰,而属和弦的概念则是在已有的调性空间中创造出的新调性空间。但现代申克理论家在这一点上有分歧。[25]
申克图式的记谱法
图式在申克分析中扮演重要角色。“用记谱方法来表现各种因素的关系,是申克理论所独有的”。[26]申克图式是一种“层级的”记谱,音符的大小、时值和其他特征,只代表音高的结构意义。申克本人在其《图式分析五则》的前言中称“图形表示法很发达,文字说明已不再需要了”。[27]申克图式更代表了符号系统从音乐本身到图形表示的转化,类似于从音乐到(分析)文字的转化,不过这种变化已经体现在了谱面上,而申克也正确地注意到了记谱和分析之间的类比。[28]图形分析中,有一个方面没有得到足够强调,那就是对时间的舍弃,而将作品一目了然地表示——至少,以“扁平的”读谱替代了“线性的”读谱。
分析的第一个步骤一般是对作品进行“节奏性”缩谱,将节奏和声部连接“标准化”。[29]这种缩谱有悠久的传统,它不仅存在于对位法论著和理论著作中[30],也存在于某些巴罗克时期作品的简化记谱中,例如亨德尔A大调组曲的序曲HWV426、以及巴赫《平均律键盘曲集》第一册的C大调前奏曲的早期版本。节奏缩谱的一个直接优势在于,它使声部连接变得清晰:在车尔尼的这个例子中,将肖邦的琶音转换成四部(或五部)和声。Edward Aldell和Carl Schachter写道,改写的第一步应该是“尽可能做到音对音”。[31]Allen Cadwallader和David Gagné提出了一种他们称为“假想数字低音”的节奏缩谱[32],强调了节奏缩谱和一个带数字低音的旋律之间的联系。它基本上是为作品想象出了一个数字低音,并为之配上相应的和弦。
申克本人在着手分析时,通常先作出一个他称为“Urlinietafel”的节奏缩谱。从1925年往后,它在节奏缩谱上进一步完善其他表示,分别对应通往基本结构的各阶段。最初,他主要依靠符头的大小来指代层级关系,但后来发现对印刷技术的要求太高,便抛弃了这一体系。Allen Cadwallader和David Gagné描述申克的图形记谱体系称:“它很灵活,方便每个人表述细微的(有时甚至是不同的)解读方法。”他们提到了表示最高层级的空心符头,较低等级的实心符头,连接分解和弦或辅助、经过音的连线,重复音或持续音的虚连线,联结错位音符的斜线,以及连接统一和弦中连续两个音(展开)的反转符杆等。[33]
延长的手段
申克分析的主要内容,是说明背景结构如何扩展形成作品表层的一连串音乐事件。申克用术语Auskomponierung(意即:作出)表述这个过程,但更常用的译名是”elaboration“(展开、修饰、润色)。现代申克理论家更倾向用”延长“(prolongation)这一术语,强调在时间轴上对事件的修饰展开。
申克写道:
- 在艺术的实践中的主要问题,是如何在实际内容中实现和声的概念。于是可以看到,在肖邦的前奏曲Op. 28第6首中,这一动机
- 是负责实现B、D、升F这一三和弦的抽象概念的。[34]
此处对三和弦的展开主要是以琶音的形式,它将具体意义、”实际内容“,赋予了三和弦。修饰是以减时的形式进行的,将待修饰的事件完整时值打碎成为多个短时值事件。这样做改变了音符的音高和节奏位置;而分析的目的某种程度上就是恢复这些音符本来的位置,并解释其错位的原理和原因。[35]
申克分析的一个特点是,它不将作品看待成一连串相继发生的事件,而是从高层次事件中生成出来的新事件,正如从树干上生长出来的枝叶——从这个意义上,申克理论须理解为一个有机的整体。此处的例子最初也许会被认为只是一个F大三和弦在三个声部上的展开,上方两声部带有一些经过音(无符杆实心音符),这是F大调调性空间的一个例子。标为(V)的和弦最初只是“五度分割”,但低音分解和弦中的五音(C)与上方经过音碰撞之后,便在主和弦I中生成了一个属和弦V。海顿F大调奏鸣曲Hob. XVI:29的开头正是这种情况,第三小节最末出现了(不完整的)属和弦,而剩余的分裂则由F大三和弦的琶音(带有经过音)构成。[36]
琶音、辅助音、经过音
琶音是最简单的展开形式,它划定了展开所需的调性空间,但缺少进一步发展所需的旋律维度,所以说它“仍仅是一个和声现象”。[37]三和弦本身的结构,自然而然决定了分解的和弦音之间是分离的,而需要连续的运动来填充其中的空间。申克区别了调性空间填充的两个种类:其一是辅助音(Nebennoten),以相邻的音装饰着三和弦的其中一个音;其二,经过音,在两个音之间以级进方式填充。辅助音和经过音都是不协和音,通过与其他音配合而达到协和(如上海顿例);而一旦协和,便可以划定其他的调性空间来展开。只要一个和弦中包含多个声部,琶音、经过音就一定会出现从一个声部运动到另一个声部的情况。
线条进行
线条进行,是协和音程之间的级进填充。在图形分析中通常以连线连接进行首尾的两音。最初级的线条进行由其展开形成的调性空间所决定:从主音到三音,三音到五音,五音到八度音,可以上行或下行。申克写道:“调性空间只有1-3、3-5和5-8的。当中没有经过音进行,也没有旋律的存在。”[38]换句话说,线条进行可以是三度进行(Terzzüge)或四度进行(Quartzüge),以及它们结合成的更大进行。当线条进行的支持和声不变,但其中一个音被替换时,进行可以不完整(阻碍)。下例贝多芬奏鸣曲Op. 109的开头中,低音线条从E3下行到E2。B1替代了♯F2本该出现的位置以形成终止式,但在B7和弦中不明显。另外,上方声部以声部交换的形式(E大三和弦下行琶音后,第3小节的E4-♯F4-♯G4与其下方的♯G2-(♯F2)-E2)呼应了低音线条。中音声部从♯G4到♯G3的下行,与低音线条形成平行十度;次中音声部交替支持高音声部和低音声部,如虚括线所示。统一这一段落的是低音声部,它对E大三和弦的展开最充分,是其他所有声部都依赖的“主导进行”。[39]
申克称七度的线条距离为“虚幻的”,[40]他认为那代表了二度(音区转移后),无法填充调性空间,只是和弦间的经过。[41]
跨声部线条、超越
填充和弦内音程的经过音,可以认为形成了该和弦各声部之间的线条。同时,如果和弦音本身参与了和弦进行的线条(且通常如此),那么低级线条会在高级线条之间展开。最有趣的要数线条从内声部连接到上声部的情况——这不仅有上行情况(通常描述为“内声部发出的线条”),当内声部被音区转移为上声部线条,即“超越”(Übergreifen,英译为superposition或overlapping[42])时,也会出现下行的情况。下面舒伯特《游子夜歌》例中,第一小节末尾的下行线条♭G-F-♭E-♭D可以认为是一个超越。
横展
横展(Ausfaltung)是一种修饰方式,指组成一个和弦或和弦进行的多个声部中,当上声部的音连接到内声部,再返回上声部(或反之)时,合并为一个线条。[43]舒伯特《游子夜歌》Op. 4第三首的结尾,人声旋律的两个声部展延为I-V-I进行。下声部的♭B-♭A-♭G是主要线条,表达了♭G大调调性;上声部的♭D-♭C-♭B在伴奏的右手声部低八度重复。
申克在他后来的(1930年以降)著作中,有时使用一个特殊的符号来表示横向展延——用一个翻转的符杠连接概念上同时出现在不同声部的音(甚至是同一个线条中先后出现的)。[44]
音区转移、八度耦合
音区转移(register transfer)是指一个或几个声部向另一个八度(即音区)的运动。申克设想,一首作品正常情况下只在一个音区(“责任音区”,德文Obligate Lage,英文Obligaroty register)展开,但有时也会错位到更高或更低音区,分别称作“向上音区转移”(Höherlegung)和“向下音区转移”(Tieferlegung)。[45]音区转移在钢琴作品(其他键盘作品亦然)中尤其突出,因为音区(双手距离)的对比十分有力,可以营造一种交响化的效果。[46]八度耦合(coupling)是指音区转移的声部与原来的八度保持连接,这时作品似乎在两个音区平行展开。
声部交换
声部交换在对位法中是一个常用手法。申克将其看作是通过移动位置来对和弦修饰。两个声部交换音符,其中往往还有经过音。上例贝多芬Op. 109的末尾,低音和高音声部发生交换:♯G从低音声部转移到高音声部,而E从高音声部转移到低音声部,由交叉的直线标出。[47]
基本结构的展开
基本结构的展开需要具体讨论,因为它决定了作品的曲式。
初始爬升、初始分解和弦
基本线条的起点“首音”(Kopfton)需要通过上行达到,或初始爬升线条(Anstieg)或初始分解和弦,这一过程可能比下行的基本线条还要长。这会形成一个拱形的旋律。申克决定基本线条只能下行时,已是1930年;而在他早期的分析中,初始爬升线条也是基本线条的一部分。[23]
一级辅助音
申克强调,基本线条的首音需用“一级辅助音”来装饰。一级辅助音必须是上方的,因为“下方辅助音会有一种被打断的效果”。第一级的辅助音是––或––,而支持的和声通常是IV级或VI级,表示处于作品的下属调域。[48]
分解低音从I到V的表达
分解低音最典范的形式是I-V-I。其中处于–正格完全终止之下的第二个音程V-I,在背景层上不受修饰。而第一个音程I-V则通常修饰展开。主要有以下几种情况:[49]
I–III–V
这是三和弦的完整琶音。一旦修饰展开之后(尤其在小调作品中),会成为三个调域,这时III级便是到关系大调的离调。这种情况经常出现在小调的奏鸣曲乐章中,主部主题群负责展开I级,副部主题群在III级的关系大调调域,而展开部会走向V级,最后于在线部中回到主调。
I-IV-V或I-II-V
申克在其理论中尽管一直没有详细讨论这种修饰,但它仍占据特殊地位。甚至可以说,基本结构中只要没有在背景中描述到II或IV,就是不完整的。申克用一个特殊的符号表示这种现象,见此例的绕行曲线,它穿过了IV(或II)和V之间的圆滑线。该IV(即此处的F音)记作四分音符,表示它比记作二分音符的I和V等级更低。这里申克理论和里曼的调性功能理论产生了意外巧合;也许这是申克不愿就此详述的原因。现代的申克分析中,IV级或II级和弦一般取名为“属前”(predominant)和弦,意即为属和弦作准备。这样的进行会写作“T-P-D-T”,即主-属前-属-主。
I–II–III–IV–V
属和弦可能以级进上行的方式联系到主和弦。通常这种进行中的某个和弦(II、III或IV)会异常突出,然后还原到上述已知的某种情况。
阻断
阻断(Unterbrechung,英译interruption)是在基本线条到达终点之前的最后一个经过音上被打断的一种修饰。结果,分解低音本身也在五度分割点(V)被阻断。基本线条和分解低音都需要回到起点,重复一次之后最终到达终点。阻断是形成曲式的主要修饰手法,经常用于二部曲式(第一部分结束在属和声)中。而若分割属和声(即V级上的2)的修饰足够充分,也可能产生三部曲式,尤其是奏鸣曲式。[50]
混合(调式交替)
申克将主和弦调式的交替称为“混合”(Mischung),即将主大三和弦替换成小三和弦。对形成和弦修饰,可以在大调作品中形成一个小调段落,或反之。.[51]
超越基本结构
一部作品基本结构的形式可以在任何层次上重现。“基本结构的每一种越级都有自足的结构效果,都有上下声部来界定一个单一的调性空间”。[52]。这便是说,一部作品中的任何一个乐句都可以作为完整基本结构的一个载体。很多经典的主题(例如莫扎特K.331钢琴奏鸣曲的主题及一套变奏)就形成了这种类型的自足结构。局部的中景与背景结构相像,这是申克分析的魅力所在,它具有一种递归的自相似结构。[53]
影响和批评
在二战前的欧洲
申克本人在1927年与学生Felix-Eberhard von Cube的通信中提到,他的观点影响范围在“不断扩大:有爱丁堡的John Petrie Dunn(包括纽约的George Wedge)、莱比锡的Reinhard Oppel、斯图加特的Herman Roth、维也纳的他本人和Hans Weisse、慕尼黑的Otto Vrieslander、⋯⋯杜伊斯堡的你(冯·库布),以及图林根维克斯多夫的August Halm”。[54]冯·库布与申克的另一个学生Moritz Violin于1931年在汉堡建立了申克学会。[55]基于申克的学说,Osward Jonas于1932年出版了《音乐作品的本质》(Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerkes),Felix Salzer于1935年出版了《西方复调音乐的含义与本质》(Sinn und Wesen des Abendländischen Mehrstimmigkeits)。二人还共同创办并编辑了短命的申克理论期刊《三角》(Der Dreiklang)(维也纳,1937-1938年)。[56] 由于二战的原因,欧洲的研究陷入暂停。申克的著作被纳粹封禁,有些被盖世太保收缴。而美国才是申克分析首次得以重大发展的地方。
在美国早期的接受情况
George Wedge早在1925年于纽约的音乐艺术学院教授了一些申克的思想。[57]曾在维也纳师从Hans Weisse的Victor Vaughn Lytle写做了可能是最早讨论申克学说的英语文章《当前的作曲》(《美国管风琴家杂志》1931年),但没有明确归功于申克。[58]最早从1912年起就跟随申克学习过的Weisse本人,在1931年移民美国,并在纽约曼尼斯音乐学院教授申克分析。他的一个学生Adele T. Katz在1935年为《亨利希·申克的分析方法》一书供稿[59],又在1945年为另一本重要的书《挑战音乐传统》供稿:她的分析对象不仅限于申克喜爱的J. S. 巴赫、C. P. E. 巴赫、海顿和贝多芬,还包括瓦格纳、德彪西、斯特拉文斯基和勋伯格。这无疑可以代表拓宽申克分析的语料库的最早尝试。[60]
然而,评价也不总是正面的。罗杰·赛欣斯在《现代音乐》第12期(1935年5-6月号)发表题为《亨利希·申克的贡献》的讣文[61],肯定申克的成就,但批评了《自由作曲》出版前(他承认,当时尚未在美国发行)数年间的理论进展,称“当申克的教学远离了具体描述,而开始进入了教条的主观臆断,就是它走向贫瘠乏味之时。”[62]对申克最激烈的攻来自保罗·亨利·朗针对Adele Katz的新书《挑战音乐传统》为《音乐季刊》32/2(1946年6月)撰写的“社论”,当中他反对了唐纳·托维同在1945年出版的《贝多芬》。他的攻击也指向了申克的追随者,可能主要是美国的追随者。他写道:
- 申克和他的弟子们的音乐理论和哲学,已经不是艺术。整体的概念——至少著作中表达出来的——是缺乏感情的。很少有人的灵魂像他们一样冰冷,唯一的温暖是他们的教条主义。只有能够纳入这个体系的音乐才能引起他们的兴趣⋯⋯。结果音乐只是成了饲料,喂养他们贪求无厌的理论头脑,而不是内心的想象力。在这个卓越的体系中,没有艺术,也没有诗意,只讨论演奏家手中音乐的原材料。申克和他的弟子们演奏音乐就像别人下象棋一样,从来不去猜想每个作品深层有什么幻想、什么感伤的漩涡。他们只能看见白纸黑字的线条,他们的思想是冰冷的、一板一眼的。而音乐是多彩的、温暖的,这才是具体艺术的价值。[63]
二战后
著作翻译
申克留下了约4000页打印稿,最初的翻译工作惊人地缓慢。现在几乎都有英译版,申克文档在线工程处理着100000多张手稿的编辑和翻译。其他语言的翻译进展缓慢。
- 1904 Ein Beitrag zur Ornamentik.
- 1976 Transl. by H. Siegel, Music Forum 4, pp. 1–139.
- 1979 Japanese translation by A. Noro and A. Tamemoto.
- 1906 Harmonielehre.
- 1954 Harmony, transl. by Elisabeth Mann Borgese, edited and annotated by Oswald Jonas ISBN 9780226737348.
- 1990 Spanish transl. by R. Barce.
- 1910 Kontrapunkt I.
- 1987 Counterpoint I, transl. by J. Rothgeb et J. Thym.
- 1912 Beethovens neunte Sinfonie, 1912
- 1992 Beethoven's Ninth Symphony: a Portrayal of its Musical Content, with Running Commentary on Performance and Literature as well, transl. by J. Rothgeb, 1992.
- 2010 Japanese transl. by H. Nishida and T. Numaguchi.
- 1913 Beethoven, Sonate E dur op. 109 (Erläuterungsausgabe).
- 2012 Japanese transl. by M. Yamada, H. Nishida and T. Numaguchi.
- 1914 Beethoven, Sonate As dur op. 110 (Erläuterungsausgabe).
- 2013 Japanese transl. by M. Yamada, H. Nishida and T. Numaguchi.
- 1921–1924 Der Tonwille (10 vols.)
- 2004–2005 Der Tonwille, transl. under the direction of William Drabkin.
- 1922 Kontrapunkt II.
- 1987 Counterpoint II, transl. by J. Rothgeb et J. Thym.
- 1922 "Haydn: Sonate Es-Dur", Der Tonwille III, pp. 3–21.
- 1988 Transl. by W. Petty, Theoria 3, pp. 105–160.
- 1923 "J. S. Bach: Zwölf kleine Präludien Nr. 2 [BWV 939]", Der Tonwille IV, 1923, p. 7.
- [2007] French transl. by N. Meeùs (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- 1923 "J. S. Bach: Zwölf kleine Präludien Nr. 5 [BWV 926]", Der Tonwille V, pp. 8–9.
- [2006] French transl. by N. Meeùs (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- 1924 "Mendelssohn: Venetianisches Gondellied, op. 30, Nr. 6", Der Tonwille X, pp. 25–29.
- [2011] French transl. by N. Meeùs (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- 1924 "Schumann: Kinderszenen Nr. 1, Von fremden Ländern und Menschen", Der Tonwille X, pp. 34–35.
- [2011] French transl. by N. Meeùs (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- 1924 "Schumann: Kinderszenen op. 15, Nr. 9, Träumerei", Der Tonwille X, pp. 36–39.
- [2011] French transl. by N. Meeùs (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- 1925 Beethovens V. Sinfonie. Darstellung des musikalischen Inhaltes nach der Handschrift unter fortlaufender Berücksichtigung des Vortrages und der Literatur, Vienne, Tonwille Verlag et Universal Edition. Reprint 1970.
- 1971 Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony N. 5 in C minor, partial transl. by E. Forbes and F. J. Adams jr., New York, Norton, 1971 (Norton Critical Score 9), pp. 164–182.
- 2000 Japanese transl. by T. Noguchi.
- 1925–1930 Das Meisterwerk in der Musik, 3 vols.
- 1998 transl. under the direction of William Drabkin.
- 1925 "Die Kunst der Improvisation", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, pp. 9–40.
- 1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
- 1925 "Weg mit dem Phrasierungsbogen", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, pp. 41–60.
- 1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
- 1925 "Joh. S. Bach: Sechs Sonaten für Violine. Sonata III, Largo", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, pp. 61–73.
- 1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
- 1976 Transl. by J. Rothgeb, The Music Forum 4, p. 141-159.
- 1925 "Joh. S. Bach: Zwölf kleine Präludien, Nr. 6 [BWV 940]", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, pp. 99–105.
- [2010] French transl. by N. Meeùs[永久失效链接].
- 1925 "Joh. S. Bach: Zwölf kleine Präludien, Nr. 12 [BWV 942]", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, 1925, pp. 115–123.
- [2006] French transl. by N. Meeùs (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- 1925 "Domenico Scarlatti: Keyboard Sonata in D minor, [L.413]", Das Meisterwerk in der Music I, pp. 125–135.
- 1986 Transl. by J. Bent, Music Analysis 5/2-3, pp. 153–164.
- 1925 "Domenico Scarlatti: Keyboard Sonata in G major, [L.486]", Das Meisterwerk in der Music I, pp. 137–144.
- 1986 Transl. by J. Bent, Music Analysis 5/2-3, pp. 171–179.
- 1925 "Chopin: Etude Ges-Dur op. 10, Nr. 5", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, p. 161-173.
- 1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
- 1925 "Erläuterungen", Das Meisterwerk in der Music I, pp. 201–205. (Also published in Der Tonwille 9 and 10 and in Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II.)
- 1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
- 1986 Transl. by J. Bent, Music Analysis 5/2-3, pp. 187–191.
- [2011] French transl. by N. Meeùs (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- 1926 "Fortsetzung der Urlinie-Betrachtungen", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, pp. 9–42.
- 1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
- 1926 "Vom Organischen der Sonatenform", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, pp. 43–54.
- 1968 Transl. by O. Grossman, Journal of Music Theory 12, pp. 164–183, reproduced in Readings in Schenker Analysis and Other Approaches, M. Yeston ed., New Haven, 1977, pp. 38–53.
- 1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
- 1926 "Das Organische der Fuge, aufgezeigt an der I. C-Moll-Fuge aus dem Wohltemperierten Klavier von Joh. Seb. Bach", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, p. 55-95
- 1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
- 1926 "Joh. Seb. Bach: Suite III C-Dur für Violoncello-Solo, Sarabande", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, 1926, pp. 97–104.
- 1970 Transl. by H. Siegel, The Music Forum 2, pp. 274–282.
- "Mozart: Sinfonie G-Moll", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, pp. 105–157.
- 1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
- "Haydn: Die Schöpfung. Die Vorstellung des Chaos", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, pp. 159–170.
- 1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
- "Ein Gegenbeispiel: Max Reger, op. 81. Variationen unf Fuge über ein Thema von Joh. Seb. Bach für Klavier", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, pp. 171–192.
- 1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
- 1930 "Rameau oder Beethoven? Erstarrung oder geistiges Leben in der Musik?", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik III, pp. 9–24.
- 1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
- 1932 Fünf Urlinie-Tafeln.
- 1933 Five Analyses in Sketch Form, New York, D. Mannes Music School.
- 1969 New version with a glossary by F. Salzer: Five Graphic Music Analyses, New York, Dover.
- 1935/1956 Der freie Satz. Translations of the 2d edition, 1956.
- 1979 Free Composition, transl. by E. Oster, 1979.
- 1993 L'Écriture libre, French transl. by N. Meeùs, Liège-Bruxelles, Mardaga.
- 1997 Chinese translation by Chen Shi-Ben, Beijing, People's Music Publications.
- 2004 Russian transl. by B. Plotnikov, Krasnoyarsk Academy of Music and Theatre.
教科书
- Oswald Jonas, Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerks, Wien, Universal, 1934; revised edition, Einführung in die Lehre Heinrich Schenkers. Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerkes, Wien, Universal, 1972. English translation of the revised edition, Introduction to the Theory of Heinrich Schenker: The Nature of the Musical Work of Art, transl. J. Rothgeb, New York and London, Longman, 1982.
- Felix Salzer, Structural Hearing: Tonal Coherence in Music, New York, Charles Boni, 1952.
- Allen Forte and Steven E. Gilbert, Introduction to Schenkerian Analysis, 1982.
- Allen Cadwallader and David Gagné, Analysis of Tonal Music. A Schenkerian Approach, New York, Oxford University Press, 3d edition, 2011 (1st edition, 1998).
- Edward Aldwell and Carl Schachter, Harmony and Voice Leading, Boston, Schirmer, Cengage Learning, 4th edition (with Allen Cadwallader), 2011 (1st edition, 2003).
- Tom Pankhurst, Schenkerguide. A Brief Handbook and Website for Schenkerian Analysis, New York and London, Routledge, 2008 Schenkerguide website (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- William Renwick and David Walker, Schenkerian Analysis Glossary (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Larry J. Solomon, A Schenkerian Primer (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Nicolas Meeùs, Análise schenkeriana (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Portuguese (Brasil) translation from the French by L. Beduschi, 2008.
- Luciane Beduschi and Nicolas Meeùs, Analyse schenkérienne (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (in French), 2013; several earlier versions archived on the same page. Albanian translation by Sokol Shupo, available on the same webpage.
参见
注释
- ^ Schenker described the concept in a paper titled Erläuterungen (“Elucidations”), which he published four times between 1924 and 1926: Der Tonwille vol. 8–9, pp. 49–51, vol. 10, pp. 40–2; Das Meisterwerk in der Musik, vol. 1, pp. 201–05; 2, p. 193-97. English translation, Der Tonwille, vol. 2, p. 117-18 (the translation, although made from vols. 8–9 of the German original, gives as original pagination that of Das Meisterwerk 1; the text is the same). The concept of tonal space is still present in Free Composition, especially § 13, but less clearly than in the earlier presentation.
- ^ 《自由作曲》§21.
- ^ Robert Snarrenberg, Schenker’s Interpretive Practice, Cambridge Studies in Music Theory and Analysis 11, 1997.
- ^ See Schenker's "instructional plan" described in his Introduction to Free Composition, p. xxi–xxii.
- ^ 申克讨论到的作品完整列表,见Larry Laskowski, Heinrich Schenker. An Annotated Index to his Analyses of Musical Works, New York, Pendragon, 1978.
- ^ Felix Salzer, Structural Hearing, New York, Boni, 1952.
- ^ Wilhelm Furtwängler, Wort und Ton, Wiesbaden, Brockhaus, 1954, pp. 201–202.
- ^ Free Composition, § 1. See also Harmony, § 13.
- ^ The same link is made, for instance, in Schoenberg’s Harmonielehre, Wien, Universal, 1911, 7/1966, p. 16.
- ^ Harmony, § 23
- ^ Harmony, § 79.
- ^ Robert E. Wason, Viennese Harmonic Theory from Albrechtsberger to Schenker and Schoenberg, Ann Arbor, London, UMI Research Press, 1982/1985.
- ^ Matthew Brown, Explaining Tonality. Schenkerian Theory and Beyond, Rochester, University of Rochester Press, 2005, p. 69, reproduces a chart showing that the "tonality of a given foreground can be generated from the diatony of the given background through various levels of the middleground".
- ^ Heinrich Schenker, Counterpoint, vol. I, p. 12: "In the present day, when it is necessary to distinguish clearly between composition and that preliminary school represented by strict counterpoint, we must use the eternally valid of those rules for strict counterpoint, even if we no longer view them as applicable to composition".
- ^ Counterpoint, vol. I, p. 74. J. Rothgeb and J. Thym, the translators, quote Cherubini from the original French, which merely says that "conjunct motion better suits strict counterpoint than disjunct motion", but Schenker had written: der fliessende Gesang ist im strengen Stile immer besser as der sprungweise (Kontrapunkt, vol. I, p. 104) ("the fluent melody is always better in strict style than the disjunct one"). Fliessender Gesang not only appears in several 19th-century German translations of Cherubini, but may be common in German counterpoint theory from the 18th century and might go back to Fux’ description of the flexibili motuum facilitate, the "flexible ease of motions" (Gradus, Liber secundus, Exercitii I, Lectio quinta) or even earlier.
- ^ Counterpoint, vol. I, p. 94.
- ^ The canonical Ursatz is discussed in Free Composition, §§ 1–44, but it was first described in Das Meisterwerk in der Musik, vol. III (1930), p. 20-21 (English translation, p. 7-8). The word Ursatz already appeared in Schenker’s writings in 1923 (Der Tonwille 5, p. 45; English translation, vol. I, p. 212).
- ^ 《自由作曲》第4–5页.
- ^ Schenker himself mentioned and refuted the criticism, in § 29 (p. 18) of Free Composition
- ^ Counterpoint, vol. I, 1910, quoted above.
- ^ Free Composition, § 10.
- ^ Free Composition, § 106.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 Free Composition, § 120.
- ^ Free Composition, § 16.
- ^ William Rothstein, "Articles on Schenker and Schenkerian Theory in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition", Journal of Music Theory 45/1 (2001), p. 218-219.
- ^ David Beach, "Schenker's Theories: A Pedagogical View", Aspects of Schenkerian Theory, D. Beach ed., New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1983, p. 27.
- ^ H. Schenker, Fünf Urlinie-Tafeln (Five Analyses in Sketchform), New York, Mannes Music School, 1933; Five Graphic Analyses, New York, Dover, 1969. The Foreword is dated 30 August 1932.
- ^ On this most interesting topic, see Kofi Agawu, "Schenkerian Notation in Theory and Practice", Music Analysis 8/3 (1989), pp. 275–301.
- ^ William Rothstein, "Rhythmic Displacement and Rhythmic Normalization", Trends in Schenkerian Research, A. Cadwallader ed., New York, Schirmer, 1990, pp. 87–113. Rothstein's idea is that ornamentations such as retardations or syncopations result from displacements with respect to a "normal" rhythm; other diminutions (e.g. neighbor notes) also displace the tones that they ornate and usually shorten them. Removing these displacements and restoring the shortened note values operates a "rhythmic normalization" that "reflects an unconscious process used by every experienced listener" (p. 109).
- ^ Kofi Agawu, "Schenkerian Notation in Theory and Practice", op. cit., p. 287, quotes Czerny's representation of the "ground-harmony" of Chopin's Study op. 10 n. 1 (in his School of Practical Composition, 1848), reproduced here in a somewhat simplified version.
- ^ Edward Aldwell, Carl Schachter and Allen Cadwallader, Harmony and Voice Leading, 4th edition, Schirmer, Cengage Learning, 2011, p. 692.
- ^ Allen Cadwallader and David Gagné, Analysis of Tonal Music: A Schenkerian Approach, New York, OUP, 3/2011, pp. 66–8.
- ^ Op. cit., p. 384.
- ^ 《和声学教程》第281页;英译版第211页.
- ^ William Rothstein, "Rhythmic Displacement and Rhythmic Normalization", Trends in Schenkerian Research, op. cit.
- ^ See http://nicolas.meeus.free.fr/Cours/2012Elaborations.pdf (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), examples 5 a and b, pp. 3 and 4.
- ^ Heinrich Schenker, “Elucidations”, Der Tonwille 8–9, English translation, vol. II, p. 117 (translation by Ian Bent)
- ^ "Erläuterungen", Der Tonwille 8–9, English translation, vol. I, p. 117 (translation by Ian Bent).
- ^ 《自由作曲》§221.
- ^ Free Composition, p.74-5, §205–7. Schenker’s German term is scheinbare Züge, literally "apparent linear progressions"; Oster’s translation as "illusory" may overstate the point.
- ^ The matter of the elaboration of seventh chords remains ambiguous in Schenkerian theory. See Yosef Goldenberg, Prolongation of Seventh Chords in Tonal Music, Lewinston, The Edwin Mellen Press, 2008.
- ^ William Drabkin. Reaching over. 新格罗夫音乐与音乐家辞典. Oxford University Press.
- ^ 《自由作曲》§140.
- ^ For a detailed study of "unfolding", see Rodney Garrison, Schenker’s Ausfaltung Unfolded: Notation, Terminology, and Practice, PhD Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2012.
- ^ William Drabkin. Register transfer. 新格罗夫音乐与音乐家辞典. Oxford University Press.
- ^ See David Gagné, "The Compositional Use of Register in Three Piano Sonatas by Mozart", Trends in Schenkerian Research, A. Cadwallader ed., New York, Schirmer, 1990, pp.23–39.
- ^ 《自由作曲》§§ 236–237.
- ^ 《自由作曲》§106.
- ^ The cases described in the following paragraphs are discussed in Heinrich Schenker, "Further Consideration of the Urlinie: II", translated by John Rothgeb, The Masterwork in Music, vol. II, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 1–22.
- ^ 《自由作曲》§§ 87–101.
- ^ 《自由作曲》§193.
- ^ 《自由作曲》§242
- ^ Matthew Brown, Explaining Tonality. Schenkerian Theory and Beyond, Rochester, University of Rochester Press, pp. 96–98.
- ^ Letter of June 1, 1927 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). See David Carson Berry, "Schenker’s First 'Americanization': George Wedge, The Institute of Musical Art, and the 'Appreciation Racket'", Gamut 4/1 (2011), Essays in Honor of Allen Forte III, particularly p. 157 and note 43.
- ^ Benjamin Ayotte, "The Reception of Heinrich Schenker’s Concepts Outside the United States as Indicated by Publications Based on His Works: A Preliminary Study", Acta musicologica (CZ), 2004 (online).
- ^ David Carson Berry, "Hans Weisse and the Dawn of American Schenkerism", The Journal of Musicology 20/1 (Winter 2003), p. 104.
- ^ David Carson Berry, "Schenker's First 'Americanization'", op. cit., pp. 143–144.
- ^ David Carson Berry, "Victor Vaughn Lytle and the Early Proselytism of Schenkerian Ideas in the U.S.", Journal of Schenkerian Studies 1 (2005), pp. 98–99. Theory and Practice 10/1-2 (1985) published for the 50th anniversary of Schenker's death other early American texts, including an unsigned obituary in The New York Times (February 3, 1935); Arthur Plettner, "Heinrich Schenker's Contribution to Theory" (Musical America VI/3, February 10, 1936); Israel Citkowitz, "The Role of Heinrich Schenker" (Modern Music XI/1, November–December 1933); Frank Knight Dale, "Heinrich Schenker and Musical Form", Bulletin of the American Musicological Society 7, October 1943); Hans Weisse, "The Music Teacher's Dilemma", Proceedings or the Music Teachers National Association (1935); William J. Mitchell, "Heinrich Schenker's Approach to Detail", Musicology I/2 (1946); Arthur Waldeck and Nathan Broder, "Musical Synthesis as Expounded by Heinrich Schenker", The Musical Mercury XI/4 (December 1935); and Adele Katz, "Heinrich Schenker's Method of Analysis" (The Musical Quarterly XXI/3, July 1935). See also David Carson Berry, A Topical Guide to Schenkerian Literature: An Annotated Bibliography with Indices (Hillsdale, NY, Pendragon Press, 2004), section XIV.c.ii., "Reception through English Language Writings, Prior to 1954", pp. 437–43.
- ^ The Musical Quarterly 21/3 (July 1935), pp. 311–329.
- ^ Adele Katz, Challenge to Musical Tradition. A New Concept of Tonality, New York, Alfred Knopf, 1945. The book is divided in nine chapters, the first describing "The Concept of Tonality", the eight following devoted to J. S. Bach, Ph. E. Bach, Haydn, Beethoven, Wagner, Debussy, Stravinsky and Schoenberg respectively. On Adele Katz, see David Carson Berry, "The Role of Adele T. Katz in the Early Expansion of the New York 'Schenker School,'" Current Musicology 74 (2002), pp. 103–51.
- ^ Reproduced in Critical Inquiry 2/1 (Autumn 1975), pp. 113–119.
- ^ Critical Inquiry 2/1, p. 118.
- ^ The Musical Quarterly 32/2, pp. 301–302.
参考文献
- Schenker, Heinrich. Ein Beitrag zur Ornamentik, als Einführung zu Ph. Em. Bachs Klavierwerken, mitumfassend auch die Ornamentik Haydns, Mozarts und Beethoven etc.. Vienna: Universal Edition. 1908 [1904] [2013] (德语).
- Schenker, Heinrich. Harmonielehre [Harmony]. Stuttgart, Berlin: J. G. Cotta. 1906 (德语).
- Schenker, Heinrich. Oswald Jonas , 编. Harmony. 由Elisabeth Mann-Borgese翻译. Annotated by Oswald Jonas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1954 [1906]. ISBN 0-226-73734-9. OCLC 280916.
- Schenker, Heinrich. Kontrapunkt [Counterpoint] I. Stuttgart, Berlin: J. G. Cotta. 1910 (德语).
- Schenker, Heinrich. Kontrapunkt [Counterpoint] II. Vienna, Leipzig: Universal Edition. 1922 (德语).
- Schenker, Heinrich. Counterpoint. 由John Rothgeb; Jürgen Thym翻译. New York, London: Schirmer Books. 1989 [1910, 1922]. ISBN 0-02-873220-0.
- Schenker, Heinrich. Der Tonwille 1–10. Vienna: Tonwille Verlag. 1921–1924 (德语).
- Schenker, Heinrich. William Drabkin , 编. Der Tonwille 1–10. 由Ian Bent e.a.翻译. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press. 2004 [1921–1924].
- Schenker, Heinrich. Das Meisterwerk in der Musik 1–3. Münich: Drei Masken Verlag. 1925–1930 (德语).
- Schenker, Heinrich. William Drabkin , 编. The Masterwork in Music 1–3. 由Ian Bent e.a.翻译. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995–1997 [1925–1930].
- Schenker, Heinrich. Oswald Jonas , 编. Der freie Satz. Vienna: Universal Edition. 1956 [1935] (德语).
- Schenker, Heinrich. Oswald Jonas , 编. Free Composition. 由Ernst Oster翻译. New York, London: Longman. 1979 [1956].
延伸阅读
- Beach, David, ed. (1983). Aspects of Schenkerian Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300028003
- Berry, David Carson (2004). A Topical Guide to Schenkerian Literature: An Annotated Bibliography with Indices. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press; ISBN 9781576470954. A thorough documentation of Schenker-related research and analysis. The largest Schenkerian reference work ever published, it has 3600 entries (2200 principal, 1400 secondary) representing the work of 1475 authors. It is organized topically: fifteen broad groupings encompass seventy topical headings, many of which are divided and subdivided again, resulting in a total of 271 headings under which entries are collected.
- Eybl, Martin and Fink-Mennel, Evelyn, eds. (2006). Schenkerian traditions. A Viennese school of music theory and its international dissemination. Vienna, Cologne, Weimar: Böhlau. ISBN 3-205-77494-9.
- Jonas, Oswald (1982). Introduction to the theory of Heinrich Schenker: the nature of the musical work of art. ISBN 9780967809939, translated by John Rothgeb. New York and London: Longman. "Most complete discussion of Schenker's theories." (Beach 1983)
- Blasius, Leslie D. (1996). Schenker's Argument and the Claims of Music Theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55085-8.
- Brown, Matthew (2005). Explaining Tonality: Schenkerian Theory and Beyond. University of Rochester Press. ISBN 1-58046-160-3.
- Cook, Nicholas (2007). The Schenker Project: Culture, Race, and Music Theory in Fin-de-siècle Vienna. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-974429-7.
Essays on the dissemination of Schenkerian thought in the U.S. by David Carson Berry:
- The Role of Adele T. Katz in the Early Expansion of the New York 'Schenker School'. Current Musicology. 2002, 74: 103–51.
- Berry, David Carson. Hans Weisse and the Dawn of American Schenkerism. Journal of Musicology. 2003, 20 (1): 104–56. doi:10.1525/jm.2003.20.1.104.
- Victor Vaughn Lytle and the Early Proselytism of Schenkerian Ideas in the U.S. Journal of Schenkerian Studies. 2005, 1: 92–117.
- Schenkerian Theory in the United States: A Review of Its Establishment and a Survey of Current Research Topics. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Musiktheorie. 2005, 2 (2–3): 101–37 [2017-02-09]. (原始内容存档于2011-09-30).
- Eybl, Martin; Fink-Mennel, Evelyn (编). Hans Weisse (1892–1940). Schenker-Traditionen: Eine Wiener Schule der Musiktheorie und ihre internationale Verbreitung [Schenker Traditions: A Viennese School of Music Theory and Its International Dissemination]. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag. 2006: 91–103. ISBN 978-3-205-77494-5.
总结
- Forte, A. T. Heinrich Schenker's Method of Analysis. The Musical Quarterly. 1935, 21 (3): 311–329. JSTOR 739052. doi:10.1093/mq/XXI.3.311.
- Katz, Adele T. (1945). Challenge to Musical Tradition. A New Concept of Tonality, New York, Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9781174860447 (2011 reprint)
- Travis, A. Schenker's Conception of Musical Structure. Journal of Music Theory. 1959, 3 (1): 1–30. JSTOR 842996. doi:10.2307/842996.
教学著作
- Forte, Allen and Gilbert, Steven E. (1982). Introduction to Schenkerian Analysis. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-95192-8. Schenker never presented a pedagogical presentation of his theories, this being the first according to its authors.
- Snarrenberg, Robert (1997). "Schenker's Interpretive Practice." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-49726-4.
- Cadwallader, Allen and Gagné, David (1998). Analysis of Tonal Music: A Schenkerian Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-510232-0. The second major English-language textbook on Schenkerian analysis"
- Kalib, Sylvan (1973). Thirteen Essays from The Three Yearbooks “Das Meisterwerk in Der Musik,” by Heinrich Schenker: An Annotated Translation. (Vol.’s I–III). Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University.
- Westergaard, Peter (1975). An Introduction to Tonal Theory. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 9780393093421
- Aldwell, Edward, and Schachter, Carl (2003). Harmony and Voice Leading. Schirmer. 2d ed. 2008; 3d ed. (with Allen Cadwallader), 2011. ISBN 0-495-18975-8.
- Pankhurst, Tom (2008), SchenkerGUIDE: A Brief Handbook and Web Site for Schenkerian Analysis, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97398-8 – an introduction for those completely new to the subject.
拓展应用
- Salzer, Felix (1952). Structural Hearing: Tonal Coherence in Music. New York: Charles Boni. "The first book to present a reorganization (as well as modification and expansion) of Schenker's writings from a pedagogical standpoint." Beach (1983)
- Westergaard, Peter (1975). An Introduction to Tonal Theory. New York: W.W. Norton.
- Yeston, Maury, ed. (1977). Readings in Schenker Analysis and Other Approaches. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Beach, David, ed. (1983). Aspects of Schenkerian Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Epstein, David (1979). Beyond Orpheus – Studies in Musical Structure. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
向‘后调性’拓展
- Travis, R. Towards a New Concept of Tonality?. Journal of Music Theory. 1959, 3 (2): 257–284. JSTOR 842853. doi:10.2307/842853.
- Travis, R. Directed Motion in Schoenberg and Webern. Perspectives of New Music. 1966, 4 (2): 85–89. JSTOR 832217. doi:10.2307/832217.
节奏方面拓展
- Komar, Arthur (1971/1980). Theory of Suspensions: A Study of Metrical Pitch Relations in Tonal Music. Princeton: Princeton University Press/Austin, Texas: Peer Publications. (Beach 1983)
- Yeston, Maury (1976). The Stratification of Musical Rhythm. New Haven: Yale University Press. (Beach 1983)
批评
- Narmour, Eugene (1977). Beyond Schenkerism: The Need for Alternatives in Music Analysis. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
外部链接
- Schenker Guide by Tom Pankhurst (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- List of Schenker's writings concerning analysis (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) on the Schenkerian site of Luciane Beduschi and Nicolas Meeùs (Paris)
- Introduction to Schenkerian concepts in a Bach fugue: Flash movie (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) or pdf (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Yale University's Gilmore Music Library provides an introduction to important primary and secondary sources (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)