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淡足鹱

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淡足鹱
保护状况
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近危（IUCN 3.1）[1]
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲： 鸟纲 Aves
目： 鹱形目 Procellariiformes
科： 鹱科 Procellariidae
属： 水薙鸟属 Ardenna
种：
淡足鹱 A. carneipes
二名法
Ardenna carneipes
Gould, 1844

淡足鹱（台湾作肉足水薙鸟）（学名：Ardenna carneipes），以前称为 Puffinus carneipes 是一种中等大小的鹱. 它的羽毛是黑色的。有淡粉色的脚，和一个淡色的喙，喙端有明显的黑色尖端。

与同样淡色喙的粉足鹱一起，形成Hemipuffinus超种，或许与大西洋的灰水薙鸟有近亲关系。[2][3]这些大型鹱是那些被分类到水薙鸟属（Ardenna）的鸟类之一。[4]

最近的基因分析表明，相对于南澳和西澳的鹱，与在太平洋的鹱之间有强烈的分化证据，这被认为是由于繁殖季节期间的归巢性和觅食策略的差异所导致的。[5]

Ardenna carneipes

2021年发表的一项分子系统发生学研究发现肉足鹱和粉足鹱（Ardenna creatopus）之间几乎没有基因差异。该研究的作者建议这两个分类群可能更适合作为同种来考虑。[6]

特征

淡足鹱体重约609克，翼长约310.2毫米，嘴峰长约47.8毫米，喙宽度约8.9毫米，喙厚度约12.1毫米，跗跖长约52.1毫米，尾长约110.2毫米。淡足鹱是候鸟，其栖息在开放的海洋及海岛环境中，食性为肉食性，主要食物来源是水生动物。[7]

分布

南印度洋和西南太平洋；越冬于阿拉伯海和西北太平洋。[8]

肉足鹱在群体中繁殖，并有两个主要的繁殖区域；一个在西南太平洋包括豪勋爵岛（22,654对[9]，南澳（约1,800对在两个岛上繁殖[10]和新西兰北部（13,000对[11]；另一个群体包括不超过36,000对在从卢恩角到里歇什群岛沿西澳海岸的42个岛屿上繁殖。[12]

另外有500对在印度洋的圣保罗岛繁殖。记录显示在阿拉伯海的巴基斯坦阿斯托拉岛上也有发现，但未被证实。最近的证据显示该物种的种群在其大部分范围内正在下降。[13][14][15][16][17][18]该物种最近在澳大利亚被列为近危[19]，在新西兰被列为国家易危，[20]并建议列入《保护信天翁和鹱类协议》。[21] 在澳洲各省，该物种在西澳[22]和新南威尔士被列为易危，在南澳被列为稀有。

该物种作为（北方）夏季访客出现在北太平洋，[23]在渔捞过程中可能有大量被误捕。[24][25]该物种还受到气候相关影响[26]和显著的重金属污染的影响，其原因尚不完全清楚，但很可能是由于摄入大量塑胶导致，鸟类会将其误认为漂浮在海面上的食物。[27][28][29]

参考文献

  1. ^ BirdLife International. Ardenna carneipes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019, 2019: e.T22698188A155469189 [11 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22698188A155469189.en 可免费查阅. 
  2. ^ Austin, J.J. (1996) Molecular phylogenetics of Puffinus shearwaters: preliminary evidence from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6, 77-88
  3. ^ Austin, J.J., Bretagnolle, V., Pasquet, E., 2004. A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little–Audubon's Shearwater complex. Auk 121: 847–864
  4. ^ Penhallurick, J., and Wink, M. (2004) Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Emu 104: 125-147
  5. ^ Lombal, Anicee J.; Wenner, Theodore J.; Lavers, Jennifer L.; Austin, Jeremy J.; Woehler, Eric J.; Hutton, Ian; Burridge, Christopher P. Genetic divergence between colonies of Flesh-footed Shearwater Ardenna carneipes exhibiting different foraging strategies. Conservation Genetics. February 2018, 19 (1): 27–41. ISSN 1566-0621. S2CID 203717. doi:10.1007/s10592-017-0994-y. 
  6. ^ Ferrer Obiol, J.; James, H.F.; Chesser, R.T.; Bretagnolle, V.; González-Solís, J.; Rozas, J.; Welch, A.J.; Riutort, M. Palaeoceanographic changes in the late Pliocene promoted rapid diversification in pelagic seabirds. Journal of Biogeography. 2022, 49 (1): 171–188. doi:10.1111/jbi.14291 可免费查阅. hdl:2445/193747 可免费查阅. 
  7. ^ Tobias, J. A.; Sheard, C.; Pigot, A. L.; Devenish, A. J. M.; Yang, J.; Sayol, F.; Neate‐Clegg, M. H. C.; Alioravainen, N.; Weeks, T. L.; Barber, R. A.; Walkden, P. A. AVONET: Morphological, Ecological and Geographical Data for all Birds. Ecology Letters. 2022, 25 (3) [2022-08-19]. ISSN 1461-023X. doi:10.1111/ele.13898. （原始内容存档于2022-08-07） （英语）. 
  8. ^ Clements, J. F.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Iliff, M. J.; Billerman, S. M.; Fredericks, T. A.; Gerbracht, J. A.; Lepage, D.; Sullivan, B. L.; Wood, C. L. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021.. 2021 [2022-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-12）. 
  9. ^ Lavers, Jennifer L.; Hutton, Ian; Bond, Alexander L. Changes in technology and imperfect detection of nest contents impedes reliable estimates of population trends in burrowing seabirds. Global Ecology and Conservation. January 2019, 17: e00579. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00579 可免费查阅. hdl:10141/622450 可免费查阅. 
  10. ^ Lavers J. 2014. Population status and threats to Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in South and Western Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu164
  11. ^ Waugh, S. M., Tennyson, A., Taylor, G., and Wilson, K.-J. 2013. Population sizes of shearwaters (Puffinus spp.) breeding in New Zealand, with recommendations for monitoring. Tuhinga, 24: 159–204.
  12. ^ Lavers J. 2014. Population status and threats to Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in South and Western Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu164
  13. ^ Reid T, Hindell M, Lavers JL, Wilcox C (2013) Re-examining mortality sources and population trends in a declining seabird: using Bayesian methods to incorporate existing information and new data. PLoS One 8:e58230
  14. ^ Waugh SM, Tennyson A, Taylor G, Wilson K-J (2013) Population sizes of shearwaters (Puffinus spp.) breeding in New Zealand, with recommendations for monitoring. Tuhinga 24:159-204
  15. ^ Priddel D, Carlile N, Fullagar P, Hutton I, O'Neill L (2006) Decline in the distribution and abundance of Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) on Lord Howe Island, Australia. Biological Conservation 128:412-424
  16. ^ Waugh, S.M., Tennyson, A., Taylor, G., and Wilson, K.-J. (2013) Population sizes of shearwaters (Puffinus spp.) breeding in New Zealand, with recommendations for monitoring. Tuhinga 24: 159-204
  17. ^ Lavers J. 2014. Population status and threats to Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in South and Western Australia. ICES Journal of Marine Science. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsu164
  18. ^ Lavers, Jennifer L.; Hutton, Ian; Bond, Alexander L. Changes in technology and imperfect detection of nest contents impedes reliable estimates of population trends in burrowing seabirds. Global Ecology and Conservation. January 2019, 17: e00579. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00579 可免费查阅. hdl:10141/622450 可免费查阅. 
  19. ^ Garnett S, Szabo J, Dutson G (2011) The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010.
  20. ^ Robertson HA, Dowding JE, Elliott GP, Hitchmough RA, Miskelly CM, O’Donnell CFJ, Powlesland RG, Sagar PM, Scofield RP, Taylor GA. 2013. Conservation status of New Zealand birds 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 4. Department of Conservation, Wellington
  21. ^ Cooper J, Baker GB, 2008. Identifying candidate species for inclusion within the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels. Marine Ornithology 36: 1-8.
  22. ^ DPaW, 2015. Wildlife conservation (specially protected fauna) notice 2015, Government gazette of Western Australia. Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth
  23. ^ Bond AL and Lavers JL. 2015. Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean: a summary and synthesis of records from Canada and Alaska. Canadian Field-Naturalist 129: 263-267
  24. ^ Reid T, Tuck GN, Hindell MA, Thalmann S, Phillips RA, Wilcox C (2013) Nonbreeding distribution of Flesh-footed Shearwaters and the potential for overlap with north Pacific fisheries. Biological Conservation 166:3-10
  25. ^ Lavers JL, Bond AL, Van Wilgenburg SL, and Hobson KA. 2013. Linking at-sea mortality of a pelagic shearwater to breeding colonies of origin using biogeochemical markers. Marine Ecology Progress Series 491:265-275
  26. ^ Bond AL, Lavers JL (2014) Climate change alters the trophic niche of a declining apex marine predator. Global Change Biology 20: 2100-2107
  27. ^ Bond AL, Lavers JL (2011) Trace element concentrations in feathers of Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) from across their breeding range. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 61:318-326
  28. ^ Lavers JL, Bond AL, Hutton I (2014) Plastic ingestion by Flesh-footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes): implications for fledgling body condition and the accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals. Environmental Pollution 187: 124-129
  29. ^ Hutton I, Carlile N, Priddel D, 2008. Plastic ingestion by Flesh-footed Shearwaters, Puffinus carneipes, and Wedge-tailed Shearwaters, Puffinus pacificus. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania
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